Board of State and Community Corrections

Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act & Youthful Offender Block Grant Annual Report to the Legislature March 2024 JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 3 | Pa g e BOARD OF STATE AND COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS Board Members* Chair, Board of State and Community Corrections Linda M. Penner The Chair of the Board is a full-time paid position appointed by the Governor and subject to Senate Confirmation Secretary, CA Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Jeffrey Macomber Director, Adult Parole Operations, CDCR Jason D. Johnson Small County Sheriff Eric S. Taylor A sheriff in charge of local detention facility with a BSCC rated capacity of 200 inmates or less San Benito County appointed by the Governor and subject to Senate confirmation Large County Sheriff Shannon Dicus A sheriff in charge of local detention facility with a BSCC rated capacity of more than 200 San Bernardino County inmates appointed by the Governor and subject to Senate confirmation County Supervisor Cindy Chavez A county supervisor or county administrative officer appointed by the Governor subject and to Santa Clara County Senate confirmation Large County Chief Probation Officer Kirk Haynes A chief probation officer from a county with a population over 200,000 appointed by the Fresno County Governor and subject to Senate confirmation Small County Chief Probation Officer Brian Richart A chief probation officer from a county with a population under 200,000 appointed by the El Dorado County Governor and subject to Senate confirmation Retired Judge Honorable Janet Gaard A judge appointed by the Judicial Council of California Yolo County Chief of Police Andrew Mills A chief of police appointed by the Governor and subject to Senate confirmation City of Palm Springs Community Provider Scott Budnick A community provider of rehabilitative treatment or services for adult offenders appointed by Founder of the Anti- the Speaker of the Assembly Recidivism Coalition Community Advocate Angeles D. Zaragoza A community provider or advocate with expertise in effective programs, policies and treatment Los Angeles County of at-risk youth and juvenile offenders appointed by the Senate Committee on Rules Alternate Public Defender’s Office Public Member Norma Cumpian A public member appointed by the Governor and subject to Senate confirmation Anti-Recidivism Coalition BSCC Staff Executive Director Kathleen T. Howard Chief Deputy Director and General Counsel Aaron R. Maguire Legislative Analyst Adam A. Lwin *Board member composition is pursuant to Penal Code 6025 JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 4 | Pa g e EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This report is the seventh annual overview of the combined Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act (JJCPA) and Youthful Offender Block Grant (YOBG) programs. For the Fiscal Year (FY) 2022-2023, the JJCPA-YOBG Grant allocated $368 million to counties to support youth within the juvenile justice system or those at risk. This report is mandated by Government Code section 30061 and Welfare and Institution Code (WIC) section 1961, as established by Assembly Bill 1998 (Chapter 880, Statute 2016). California counties are required to annually submit reports to the Board of State and Community Corrections (BSCC) detailing their plans for and local expenditures of JJCPA- YOBG funding. These reports encompass specific data elements, including juvenile court dispositions, new petitions (involving juveniles not previously supervised), wardship placements, and demographic data. The county reports also outline how JJCPA and YOBG funds were used for programmatic, therapeutic, and intervention initiatives in the previous fiscal year. Most counties indicated continuity in their established plans for FY 2022-2023, providing updates on the progress of their ongoing initiatives. These formula-based funding streams play a crucial role in assisting California counties in delivering services to youth. The reports submitted to the BSCC aim to demonstrate that counties have implemented locally relevant programs for at-risk youth, or those who would have previously fallen under state custody and oversight. The BSCC reviews each county’s submission for missing data and information. This report samples several counties’ progress on their annual plans and expenditures. Examples are provided from small, medium, and large counties about how they are providing services to youth in California communities. Annual Plans & Expenditure Outcome Reports: The BSCC created an online reporting dashboard for gathering annual plans and encouraged counties to adopt this tool. The reporting tool requested information about countywide service requirements, priorities, and strategies, as well as the methods counties employ to effectively execute their plans. The reporting dashboard also inquires whether counties have updated their plans from previous years and requests an explanation if no updates were made. The BSCC collects county annual plans by May 1st of each year and statewide Annual Plans may be found here. On October 1 of each year, counties are required to submit to the BSCC combined annual year-end expenditure reports for JJCPA and YOBG. Annual year-end expenditure reports describe programs, placements, services, strategies, and system enhancements that were funded during the preceding FY. These reports include line-item budget details. These reports also include countywide figures for specified juvenile justice data elements that are readily available in existing statewide juvenile justice data systems. For the FY 2022-2023 all 58 counties successfully completed their plans and expenditure reports and submitted their plans timely. Statewide year-end Expenditure & Outcome Reports may be viewed here. During FY 2022-2023, the JJCPA-YOBG Grant allocated $368 million to counties to assist youth in the juvenile justice system or those at risk. Figure 1 details the statewide baseline allocation and revenue growth resulting from enhanced law enforcement activities per JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 5 | Pa g e Government Code section 30029.05, subdivision (f) and increased county responsibility for supervising and rehabilitating youthful offenders through the JJCPA-YOBG programs in FY 2021-22. JJCPA-YOBG Fiscal Year 2022-2023 Funding JJCPA Baseline Allocation (Statewide) $107,100,000 Revenue Growth (FY 21-22) $92,276,240 YOBG Baseline Allocation (Statewide) $160,021,081 Revenue Growth (FY 21-22) $9,000,537 Statewide Total Funding $368,397,858 Figure 1 Overall, the JJCPA-YOBG allocations over the past three FY’s have been consistent allowing counties to fund juvenile justice programs. JJCPA-YOBG Fiscal Year 2021-2022 Funding JJCPA Baseline Allocation (Statewide) $107,100,000 Revenue Growth (FY 20-21) $ $69,905,511 YOBG Baseline Allocation (Statewide) $160,021,081 Revenue Growth (FY 20-21) $ $37,824,907 Statewide Total Funding $374,851,499 JJCPA-YOBG Fiscal Year 2020-2021 Funding JJCPA Baseline Allocation (Statewide) $107,100,000 Revenue Growth (FY 19-20) $60,754,170 YOBG Baseline Allocation (Statewide) $160,021,081 Revenue Growth (FY 19-20) $ 28,595,324 Statewide Total Funding $356,470,575 One noticeable trend within counties is the continued decrease in youth arrests, attributed to the support provided by the JJCPA-YOBG programs. Thanks to these programs, counties successfully implemented diversion and intervention initiatives to dissuade youth from involvement in the juvenile justice system. This report will highlight a few examples of how small, medium, and large counties used JJCPA-YOBG funding to engage with youth in the justice system. Inyo County: The County of Inyo collaborates with local law enforcement, schools, courts, district attorney, and various community organizations to deliver services to youth and their families in the community. The JJCPA-YOBG funds are allocated to enhance alternative education, after-school activities, and evidence-based methods for early intervention and JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 6 | Pa g e prevention for youth. These services are implemented in schools on a daily basis. Inyo has partnered with community-based organizations like Healthy Communities of Southern Inyo County to offer youth outdoor activities, family-inclusive recreation, and after-school and weekend programs. According to county data, between 2008-2009 the average daily population in detention was 13.9. Over the subsequent seven years, the average daily population decreased to less than five. Inyo Probation employs a reward/sanction matrix to address probation violations. Rewards encompass positive incentives for the youth, such as certificates, food cards, special outings, or fulfilling individual requests. Sanctions range from reprimands and community work service to juvenile hall detention or commitment to the weekend program. The County has observed a decline in the number of at-risk youths served over the past two years. Probation staff actively participate in developing early intervention programs, thoroughly researched across all school campuses in Bishop, Big Pine, Independence, and Lone Pine. Early intervention services are extended to Round Valley and Death Valley on an as-needed basis. Rehabilitation Specialists, employed by the probation department, engage with identified at-risk youth weekly on various campuses. The Early Intervention program aims to provide group programs, support, and services to youth in their schools. One of the implemented programs is by Healthy Communities of Southern Inyo County, a Community-Based Organization (CBO) offering constructive activities and programs that enhance job skills and teach self-esteem-building skills to youth. The focus is on keeping youthful offenders local by working intensively with their families and local support systems. Through evidence-based programs in case plan interventions, probation officers address the youth's identified criminogenic needs. Even serious offenders, who were previously eligible for commitments to DJJ, are given every safe opportunity to remain out of custody, investing in a community-based case plan. San Francisco County: In 2017, the City and County of San Francisco formulated a comprehensive plan that is presently in use. The county engages in collaboration with local law enforcement, community resources, and the courts to address a spectrum of needs, including education, mental health, health, social services, drug, and alcohol support, as well as youth services. San Francisco’s goal is to ensure that youth under their care, along with their families, have their essential needs met. The county's strategies center on preparing and training youth for the workforce through effective programming and family involvement. These initiatives encompass mentoring, relationship development, and the cultivation of social and behavioral skills, emphasizing the promotion of positive social and emotional learning. San Francisco plans to enhance its plan by collaborating with justice partners to develop a new request for proposals for FY 2024-2029, focusing on expanding justice service programs. Despite the ongoing challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, San Francisco, like many other counties, continues to employ virtual programming and activities to reach youth. Notably, the county has observed a decrease in arrests, maintaining a range of 40-50 percent since 2018. In 2022, 74% of arrests were youth, JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 7 | Pa g e with 39% of them originating from outside the county. The percentage of youth referrals has seen an overall decline, dropping from 52% in 2020 to 37% in 2022. The County employs cultural programming to assist youth in skill building, reengaging with education, and accessing community resources. Specifically targeting minority youth, cultural programming aims to provide alternatives to secure confinement for disconnected transitional age youth facing charges, indictments, or currently on probation. In San Francisco, the Girls and Young Women's programming focuses on transitional age young women, offering a range of resources such as life skills workshops, support, and culturally based activities designed to enhance resilience. San Francisco's comprehensive multi-agency juvenile justice local action plan recognizes the importance of programming that enriches arts and life skills, provides mentorship, addresses anger management and conflict resolution, offers workforce development opportunities, and addresses behavioral health needs. The county is utilizing JJCPA- YOBG funds to establish credible messenger life coaches serving youth in juvenile halls. These life coaches play a crucial role in providing mentorship, coaching, and facilitating youth engagement in pro-social activities. Ventura County: The County of Ventura has recognized a notable trend where more youths are being arrested, yet fewer are being incarcerated, indicating a shift towards diversion or informal probation options. Informal probation dispositions have nearly doubled from 139 to 272 year-over-year. When comparing 2021 and 2022, the distribution of felony and misdemeanor arrests remained consistent, with felonies accounting for 27% and misdemeanors for 61% and 56%, respectively, of total arrests. Ventura has formulated a juvenile justice master plan, focusing on five key areas to target at-risk youth and their families. These areas include emotional and behavioral well-being, prevention and early intervention, a coordinated systems approach, family support, and opportunities for prosocial and skill building. Ventura's juvenile justice coordinating council actively strengthens partnerships within the community and provides recommendations to the County's Board of Supervisors, juvenile courts, and the community at large. For FY 2022-2023, Ventura has undertaken an initiative to identify gaps in services and has developed a request for proposal to address these programming gaps. Probation has integrated performance measures and JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 8 | Pa g e associated data outcomes into their services for effective monitoring and improvement. Ventura is utilizing the JJCPA-YOBG funds to support the Anew Therapeutic program, a cognitive-behavioral multimodal initiative that draws on insights from various disciplines to inform best practices and evidence-based interventions. This program specifically caters to youth who have been court-ordered into treatment for sexually abusive behavior. Anew Therapeutic focuses on addressing trauma symptoms and evaluating characterological strengths and deficits to provide tailored treatment for youth. The program is designed to be comprehensive, incorporating a range of therapeutic approaches to “After THRIVE intervention, address the complex needs of youth dealing with overall attendance jumped to sexually abusive behavior under court mandate. 84.3% and unexcused absences The Truancy Habits Reduced Increases Vital dropped significantly from Education (THRIVE) program, funded through 16.4% to 10.2%. These results JJCPA-YOBG, collaborates with key entities such demonstrate the effectiveness of as the District Attorney, Public Defender’s Office, THRIVE in reducing truancy in probation, public health, and schools to deliver Ventura County schools.” - intervention programs for students within Ventura Ventura County Probation County's school district. Ventura has found THRIVE to be effective in addressing truancy issues. In the realm of early intervention and prevention services funded by JJCPA-YOBG, collaborations with Children and Family Services specialize in diverting youth from further juvenile justice involvement. These services include family mediation, skill building, counseling, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. In FY 2022-23, Children and Family Services successfully used intervention and prevention programs to assist seventeen youth in the county, preventing their further involvement in the juvenile justice system. During the same fiscal year, 1,346 citations for youths were issued, with 637 addressed through diversion programs. Ventura reports that 47% of citations did not result in detention but were successful in engaging participants in intervention and prevention programs. Ventura allocates JJCPA-YOBG funds to address the needs of commercially and sexually exploited children (CSEC). In the reported period, 26 youth participated in the program, receiving management, mentoring, and supportive services. The CSEC program offers crucial support and mentorship to vulnerable youth with a history of abusive relationships, dysfunction, or those who are survivors of sex or labor trafficking, spanning ages 12 to 24. The positive progress observed in Ventura County's efforts, funded by JJCPA-YOBG, highlights the impact on addressing the needs of the youth it serves. Riverside County: The County of Riverside has effectively utilized JJCPA-YOBG funding to implement programs within the secure youth treatment program, catering to both male and female youth up to the age of 25. These programs encompass behavioral health services and risk/needs assessments. Riverside is committed to supporting its youth by facilitating college enrollment, providing financial assistance for application fees, books, and JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 9 | Pa g e scholastic supplies. Through a combination of counseling, skills management, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, Riverside ensures that youth within the juvenile justice system have the opportunity for successful rehabilitation. Riverside has a well-established Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council (JJCC) in accordance with WIC 749.22. This council collaborates with various government agencies and community-based organizations to assess resources and monitor the progress of programs funded by JJCPA-YOBG. In addition to longer-term youth programs, Riverside has developed a short-term supervision program aimed at supporting youth in achieving successful completion of probation. The county reports an increase in completions from the short-term supervision program in 2022, indicating improvements in academic performance, attendance, and grade point averages. Riverside actively engages with local providers and the juvenile justice coordinating council to enhance tools and identify gaps in current services. Riverside's juvenile justice action strategy emphasizes fostering partnerships between youth, families, and local government organizations. The county focuses on social services, education, health, community organization, and family involvement. One notable diversion program developed by the county is the Youth Accountability Team and Restorative Justice. This program is tailored to address the specific needs of youth and promotes positive, pro-social development. The goal is to reduce juvenile petitions and lower the number of youth placed in custody. Through this program, the county offers coaching, substance abuse programming, assistance with behavioral problems, family conflict resolution, mental health support, addressing gang associations, promoting social skill development, and improving academic performance. Nevada County: Nevada County, a rural area with nearly 99,000 residents and distinct population centers, has observed a decline in school attendance during the pandemic. Interestingly, despite this decline, there has not been a corresponding increase in rates of juvenile delinquency. Similar to many other counties, Nevada has experienced a decrease in justice-involved youth from 2019 through 2022, with diversion and informal probation cases also showing incremental declines. The county attributes this decrease to the evolving landscape of California law. To address the needs of at-risk youth, Nevada County has actively pursued collaboration with local law enforcement, schools, community-based services, as well as behavioral and mental health services. The goal is to provide comprehensive services to youth and their families, aiming to deter them from recidivism. The county places particular emphasis on offering culturally and linguistically proficient mental health services to both youth and adults through county providers. Programs include early intervention and crisis intervention, among others. Nevada's juvenile justice system places a strong emphasis on the principles of risk, needs, and responsivity to juvenile crime and delinquency. The county's programs have demonstrated success in redirecting negative behaviors in youth, enabling them to successfully complete their probationary sentences. One noteworthy initiative is the Functional Family Probation (FFP) program. FFP engages and motivates high-risk teens JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 10 | Pa g e and their families, leveraging family support and community involvement. Nevada emphasizes that strengthening family functioning and fostering a broader working relationship increases the likelihood of long-term success. The FFP program employs a holistic approach, offering services and support to work with youth, families, and the community. The aim is to create protective factors, reduce high-risk behaviors, and prevent criminal recidivism. This involves collaboration between social workers, probation officers, and various system partners engaging in services within the community. Nevada County extends its support to CSEC through the JJCPA-YOBG funding. The program is designed to respond to youth in a victim-centered, trauma-informed, strength- based, developmentally appropriate, culturally competent, data and outcome-driven manner, always prioritizing the best interest of the child. The County conducts CSEC assessments for youth in the Placer County Detention Center and employs intervention strategies to serve these individuals. Additionally, the youth sex offender officer manages the caseloads of CSEC youth, developing treatment plans in collaboration with treatment providers and families. The officer monitors youth in the County's care, ensuring that their basic needs are met and providing necessary support. Nevada County remains dedicated to utilizing JJCPA-YOBG funding to support youth programs with the goal of preventing youth involvement in the criminal justice system. By implementing a comprehensive and victim-centered approach, the county aims to address the unique needs of CSEC youth and contribute to their rehabilitation and well- being. Amador County: The County of Amador, a small county in Central California with a population of 37,306, has observed a decline in youth involvement in the criminal justice system. Despite facing limitations in resources and the availability of county agencies and community-based organizations, Amador has effectively addressed its population's needs through existing programs funded by the JJCPA-YOBG grant. Amador's primary goals are centered around providing intervention and prevention services to the youth under their supervision and encouraging their active involvement in schools and the community. Law enforcement and social workers collaborate to manage youth cases, ensuring that both youth and their families receive the necessary services. A notable strategy employed by Amador is stationing probation officers on school campuses to address truancy before it develops into a pattern for the youth. This proactive approach aligns with the statewide reduction in youth involved in the criminal justice system and has contributed to a noticeable reduction in truancy within Amador County. The county utilizes beneficial programs like Aggression Replacement Therapy (ART), which involves collaboration with local schools, health and human services agencies, and families. ART assesses youth for participation and provides programs designed to reduce negative behaviors and disciplinary actions in school. The program specifically targets high-risk youth or those needing to address issues related to physical and verbal aggression. JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 11 | Pa g e With the support of JJCPA-YOBG funding, Amador has been able to provide mental and behavioral services to youth, referring them to programs and resources in the community. This includes collaborations with organizations such as Interfaith Food Bank, Operation Clothes Closet, CHAT Child Counseling, and Amador County Behavioral Health, ensuring a holistic approach to addressing the needs of youth in the county. Amador County collaborates with Nexus Youth and Family Services for the 180 Degree You-Turn Program, specifically targeting high-risk youth. In the reported period, 20 participants actively engaged in small group interventions that covered diverse topics, including team building, peer bonding, self-harm awareness, and substance abuse prevention. Evaluation surveys indicated that all participants felt knowledgeable about seeking support and taking responsibility for their actions. To enrich the program experience, field trips were organized to various settings, including career, vocational, and scholastic environments. Additionally, participants benefited from informational videos covering mental health topics. Individualized mentoring support was a key component of the program, with 70 youth receiving personalized guidance to build protective factors and reduce risk factors in their lives. Being a small county with limited resources, Amador County is committed to providing comprehensive services to youth and their families. The collaboration with Nexus Youth and Family Services exemplifies the county's dedication to addressing the specific needs of high-risk youth through targeted programs that foster personal growth, responsibility, and resilience. Imperial County: In 2022, Imperial County law enforcement reported a total of 86 youth arrests, including 28 for felonies and 57 for misdemeanors, representing a slight increase from the figures reported in 2021. Additionally, there were 66 new juvenile court petitions filed in 2022, a modest rise from the 61 filed in the previous year. “Project ASPIRE has worked in Despite this small uptick, the overall trend since 2012 collaboration with community indicates a decline in both arrests and filed petitions for agencies, such as the Imperial juveniles. The increase in 2022 is attributed to delayed County Sheriff’s Office and program starts, a consequence of ongoing Covid-19 Imperial County Behavioral restrictions that kept youth away from engaging activities for a more extended period compared to other Health, to provide counties. presentations to youth regarding the dangers of drugs Imperial County remains steadfast in its commitment to and alcohol, identifying and investing in youth, utilizing funding, and establishing reporting bullying and partnerships with local organizations. Notable cyberbullying, and self- initiatives include the Rite Track Evening Learning wellness.” - Imperial County Center and the expanded Project After School Probation Programming Integrating Recreation and Education (ASPIRE), both aimed at involving youth in prosocial activities and preventing their involvement in the justice system. Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, Imperial County continues its efforts to create positive opportunities for youth and strengthen community partnerships to address juvenile concerns. JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 12 | Pa g e Imperial County, as one of the counties utilizing JJCPA-YOBG funding to reduce youth involvement in the justice system, has experienced some success. Despite a small increase in juvenile crime between 2021 and 2022, the county has observed a steady decline in juvenile arrests overall. Imperial attributes this positive trend to the effectiveness of youth diversion programs implemented by the county, which aim to mitigate risk factors that could lead young individuals to direct involvement in criminal activities. The Imperial County Probation Department takes a leading role in providing programs for youth in its care. Initiatives such as career fairs, annual children's fairs, and positive law enforcement interventions within the community are organized to engage youth in positive prosocial activities. The Probation Department's strategic use of effective programs continues to yield positive outcomes for supervised youth. A significant program contributing to Imperial's success is Rite Track Youth Services, a community-based initiative working in collaboration with governmental partners to engage youth and their families. The goal is to build a successful future for participating youth by providing essential skills, positive guidance, and a continuum of services. Rite Track's programs include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy groups, career series to enhance professional and prosocial skills, community services, parenting classes, and the Secure Track Youth Partnership, which educates youth on interpersonal relationships, anger control, and morally mature decision-making. Imperial County's Department of Social Services also collaborates with the probation department to provide services to youth in foster care through the JJCPA-YOBG program. This collaboration enables the county to offer independent living, transitional housing, and wraparound services. The focus is on allowing children to live and grow up in safe, stable, permanent family environments. The Wraparound program, currently serving 21 youth and their families, has played a pivotal role in Imperial's reduction in youth involvement in “The continued successes and achievements … demonstrate the effectiveness of our programs and our unwavering commitment to our mission. By providing support and resources to justice-involved families, we are helping to break the cycle of recidivism and improve outcomes for youth in our community.” - Imperial County Probation the justice system. Wraparound officers closely work with families to ensure their participation in rehabilitative programs, maintain compliance with probation terms and conditions, and provide additional support to strengthen family ties. JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 13 | Pa g e The Imperial County Probation Department continues to facilitate collaboration between Imperial County agencies by providing referrals to programs and services to ensure at- risk youth are being given the opportunity to receive rehabilitative services. The Imperial County Probation Department remains committed to facilitating collaboration among Imperial County agencies. One of its key roles is to provide referrals to programs and services, ensuring that at-risk youth have the opportunity to access rehabilitative services. By actively connecting youth with the appropriate resources and support systems, the Probation Department plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts in the county. FUNDING FOR JJCPA-YOBG: Each county annually receives allocations of JJCPA and YOBG funds determined by prescribed formulas based on the county's population for JJCPA and a combination of juvenile population and juvenile felony dispositions for YOBG. The California Department of Finance (DOF) calculates these allocations using demographic information and juvenile felony disposition data. The State Controller's Office then remits monthly allocations to each county according to the DOF's calculations. JJCPA and YOBG are part of the funding structure established in the 2011 Public Safety Realignment legislation, funded through the Local Revenue Fund of 2011, specifically the Law Enforcement Services Account. JJCPA's main revenue source is the Vehicle License Fee Fund, supplemented by State Sales Tax revenue if needed. YOBG's primary revenue source is State Sales Tax, with potential supplementation from the Vehicle License Fee Fund in case of shortfalls. Proposition 30, approved in 2012, constitutionally guaranteed funding for JJCPA and YOBG, providing local agencies with flexibility in designing, administering, and delivering public safety services as determined by the Legislature. (Cal. Const. art. XIII, § 36, Assembly Bill 118, (Chapter 40, Stats. 2011). To learn more about the JJCPA-YOBG program, please visit: https://www.bscc.ca.gov/s_jjcpayobgjuvjuscrimeprevact/ JJCPA-YOBG Legislative Report 2024 14 | Pa g e