King City Joint Union High School District Management Letter

May 13, 2011 John Bernard, Ed.D., State Administrator King City Jt. Union High School District 800 Broadway King City, California 93930 Dear Dr. Bernard, On April 19, 2011, FCMAT returned to King City Joint Union High School District at the request of the state administrator to review the progress the district has made in implementing a new food services program. Prior to the 2010-11 fiscal year, food services were provided by the King City Elementary School District. At the end of the 2009-10 fiscal year, the district decided to operate the food service program. This management letter documents the implementation progress to date, recommendations for continued program improvement, and sources of training and program guidelines. FCMAT food services consultant Judy Stephens conducted the fieldwork and other analysis for this study. Child Nutrition Program Application and Reimbursement Claims The district filed a child nutrition program application with the state of California that was approved effective January 1, 2011. As of that date the district is authorized to operate the school meal program, and meals served to students can be claimed for reimbursement. At the time of review, claims had been submitted for January through March 2011, and the district has received revenue. Any meals served from the beginning of the school year until January 1, 2011 will not be reimbursed. Although the district planned for encroachment in the first year of program operation it will need to make budget adjustments recognizing an increase in encroachment for the 2010-11 fiscal year. The amount of reimbursement provided to districts depends on the percentage of free and reduced meals served two years prior to current year (which would have been 2008-09). To receive maximum breakfast reimbursement, the district must serve at least 40% of free and reduced eligible lunches two years prior. To receive the maximum lunch reimbursement, the district must have served 60% of free and reduced students two years prior. The claim forms reviewed from January to March 2011 indicate that the dis- trict is reimbursed at the lower levels. This means either that records of meals served in prior years were unavailable (due to the change from elementary to high school oversight) or that the meals served two years ago to high school students didn’t meet the 40% and 60% criteria. The difference in breakfast reim- bursement between the basic breakfast and especially needy breakfast is $.28/meal for free and reduced meals. It is $.02/meal for lunches. FCMAT Joel D. Montero, Chief Executive Officer . . 1300 17th Street - CITY CENTRE, Bakersfield, CA 93 . 301-4533 Telephone 661-6 . 36-4611 Fax 661-63 . 6-4647 422 Petaluma Blvd North, Suite. C, Petaluma, CA 94952 Telephone: 707-775-2850 Fax: 707-775-2854 www.fcmat.org Administrative Agent: Christine L. Frazier - Office of Kern County Superintendent of Schools Claim forms from January to March indicate that the district currently serves lunches to between 27% and 42% of its free and reduced eligible students, which does not meet minimum goals to receive higher reimbursement rates. In the review period of January to March 2011, only one month at one school (March at King City) were numbers high enough for breakfast requirements. The yearly average for two consecutive years will determine if the district meets the goals for the higher reimbursement rates, so it is important to encourage participation. However, it is against regulations to require families to participate. No statistics reached the 60% participation necessary to qualify the district for higher lunch reimburse- ment rates. Many factors, including school and district policies, contribute to student participation: time of day meals are served, locations where students are required to eat meals, off-campus privileges, early release or late start schedules, etc. The Child Nutrition Information and Payment System (CNIPS) application needs to be renewed each year before claims for reimbursement may be filed. The CNIPS website annual update became available for 2011-12 renewal on May 2, 2011. Recommendations The district should: 1. Immediately renew its CNIPS application. 2. Continue to encourage families to submit applications for free and reduced meals. 3. Research other successful food service programs and determine changes that can be made in the King City program to encourage and improve participation so the district can receive maximum reimbursement rates. 4. Consider conducting an anonymous survey of parents and students to determine what students/ parents like about the program and what needs to be changed. This should include food choices and any barriers to program participation. Free and Reduced Meal Applications / Direct Certification Initially the district had some difficulty with processing student applications. An extensive process to review all applications took place in fall 2010. For applications that could not be reviewed or were not initially submitted, the district had families resubmit meal applications and qualified them appropriately on the Nutrikids software program. A review of the processed applications revealed that most appear complete and correctly qualified. A few were questionable as to the category of free and reduced eligibil- ity (e.g., income vs. categorical from CalWORKS, food stamps, etc.). But all applications reviewed have dates, signatures, and eligibility status. It would be prudent for the district to have a second reviewer from the business office double check all the applications that are processed for the 2011-12 school year to ensure accuracy. This second review should be concurrent with the original processing, because errors in processing can lead to financial penalties for each meal that is claimed incorrectly. Because the district is scheduled to have its state program review in November 2012, accuracy of free and reduced eligibility is critical. The district expressed a desire to update its application for next year to a format that was more under- standable for families and easier for the district to use. A template from a nearby district was provided by the FCMAT team to help with this process. The district plans to modify it and use it for the next school year. 2 According to USDA regulations (Eligibility Manual for School Meals), students who were designated as eligible for free or reduced price meals the prior school year are allowed to receive free or reduced meals for the first 30 operating days of the new school year, or until a current year application is received and processed. The district needs to work with Nutrikids support staff to make sure the program is set up properly to give students the grace period and to automatically cut off benefits for students who have not processed a new application at the end of the 30-day grace period. After the cutoff date only current year eligibility may be used to provide free and reduced meals. Because this was the first year of district operation, this was not done in fall 2010. Applications may be submitted after this date but until they are approved, students must be considered full pay. If meals are found to be based on outdated eligibility information during a program review, fines may be imposed on the district. The district’s information technology staff coordinated the direct certification process for categorically eligible students. This involves uploading information from the Department of Education website to automatically qualify eligible students for the free and reduced meal program. Families that qualify in this manner do not need to submit applications, reducing the burden on families and the district. It also tends to help increase the percentage of district students that qualify for free and reduced priced meals. This benefits students and families so they can receive meals and helps the district qualify for Title I and E-rate funding. The technology staff plans to update the direct certification throughout the year. With proper application processing and direct certification, the district now has more reliable figures for free and reduced percentages than it did in fall 2010. According to the March 2011 meal claim form, Greenfield High School has 79% free and reduced eligibility and King City has 62%. Recommendations The district should: 1. Finalize the meal application changes and make applications available to families beginning in July. Communicate the importance of this to students and families to increase eligibility by demonstrating that critical school funding for programs (such as technology and support services) is dependent on eligibility percentages. 2. Include clear, simple instructions as to the mandatory information required on a complete application. 3. Continue the good efforts with direct certification and do so as early as possible before the start of the new school year. When the matching process is complete, mail letters to qualifying students so they do not need to complete a new application. Create and print a letter in Nutrikids so directly certified students and families can be notified before applications are due. 4. Ensure that the Nutrikids program is set to change eligibilities of students who have not submitted new applications by the cutoff date. Eligibility Verification The child nutrition program requires each district to annually verify a percentage of the applications on file. This means that randomly selected students will be required to provide proof of information stated on applications related to income. Applications based on categorical eligibility such as CalWORKS or food stamps that were not directly certified may also be chosen for verification. The verification process begins on October 1 and must be completed by November 15. Applications chosen for verification must 3 be selected from applications processed as of September 30. Since the district did not run the program in fall 2010, it did not complete verification but should plan to do so for the 2011-12 school year. The district and food services manager need to become familiar with this process and make sure it is com- pleted timely. There are deadlines for selecting applications, completing the process, dropping unverified students and completing a report. Families that do not respond to requests for verification or that cannot validate requested information will have their students changed to paid status. The Meal Eligibility Manual for School Meals discusses the verification requirements in detail. It is avail- able on the CDE webpage, Nutrition Services section. All necessary forms for families and the district to complete this process are also available on the website. The NutriKids program can select applications for verification and produce letters to families. The pro- gram will also create reports of verification outcome. The NutriKids support staff are very knowledgeable about the verification process and can assist the district. Improper completion of the verification process or failure to change student status within appropriate time frames may result in fiscal action during the coordinated review effort (CRE). Recommendations The district should: 1. Ensure that the manager becomes familiar with the verification requirements and obtains necessary information from the CDE website. 2. Note verification deadlines so the process can be completed as required. 3. Utilize Nutrikids support staff to help set up the program to help select applications, print letters, change status and remove or change student eligibility as necessary. Meal Tracking The food service meal tracking system (Nutrikids) appears to be working properly to track student meals. With accurate application processing and current direct certification matches, the district has more dependable student eligibility information. The Nutrikids point of sale program links to the eligibility records in the database, allowing student meals to be tracked in the appropriate categories for reimburse- ment claims. Staff seems comfortable using the system and students have learned their ID numbers so they can be correctly and confidentially identified. FCMAT observed staff to be discreet with students’ eligibility status. King City High School serves meals from the main line inside the kitchen and three snack bar windows. All points of sale now have computers with the Nutrikids program so meals are tracked correctly. The computers are networked so at the end of the day total meals can be consolidated. Greenfield High School has two parallel meal lines with point of sale computers linked to the database. It also serves an a la carte line in the cafeteria seating area. The food service manager needs to continue to work closely with the district technology department and Nutrikids support staff to ensure proper functioning of the program. 4 Recommendations The district should: 1. Ensure that the food service manager continues to work with staff to ensure proper use of the computer system and full understanding of the need for student confidentiality. 2. Require the food service manager to regularly review meal count data in the computer reports against manual records to ensure the system is tracking accurately. Menus and Production Records The district follows the National School Lunch Traditional Food-Based Menu Planning option. This option specifies the types of foods (components) required for each meal. The components are meats, breads and grains, fruits and vegetables, and milk. Specific minimum portions based on age groups are required. Meals also must meet nutritional standards for calories, fat, saturated fat, and specific vitamins and minerals. Under the food-based plan the district itself does not have to analyze menus but will be held to those requirements at the time of the state program review (CRE/SMI). Therefore, it is important for the food service department to know if the menus meet the criteria. Charts defining these standards are included in the report. A high school age group may use the 4th-12th grade level (which the district uses) for components and for analysis, but the USDA recommends using the 7th-12th grade standards. The 7 th-12th grade standards provide slightly larger portions of some items and extra calories, which are appropriate for high school age students. The district has contracted with a company called Preferred Meals to assist in menu planning and provide all (ready-made) meals and all paper goods. Menus are written a month at a time, with district input. Printed copies of menus and production sheets with corresponding order sheets are sent to the district. As a service to the district, Preferred Meals performs a nutrient analysis of menus as planned and printed. Nutrient analysis reports from Preferred Meals were reviewed and appear to follow protocol. However, since the district does not follow the menus as planned, the analysis cannot be considered accurate. According to the food service manager, some of the entrées on current menus are not popular with the students so they are not served. The food service staff has substituted other entrées for the less popular ones. They also have taken great liberties with modifying the salad bar and fresh fruit offerings. For example, the production sheet lists salad mix, celery, carrots and oranges on the menu. But on the day of the FCMAT visit, students were served those items plus broccoli, cauliflower, apples, pears and bananas, and roasted potato wedges. None of these items were on the menu or production records. The menu also includes dessert or snack items daily, but the items served include many more choices than what is on the menu or recorded on the production sheet. These menu changes were not included in the nutritional analysis, but should be. Menus need to be followed as planned and printed. Substitutions are allowed for shortages, food quality issues, etc., but should be the exception, not daily practice. Any substitutions should be included on the production sheets. Occasional substitutions do not need to be included in the analysis. However, if extra items are served daily they need to be accounted for. If the district wants to serve a variety of fruit daily, it should be included in the menu, on the production sheet and in the analysis. Breakfast menus also are not followed as written. The menus are planned to have a cold item (muffin/ cereal) on some days and hot items on other days, but district practice is to serve both every day. For example, on the day of FCMAT fieldwork the menu only listed pancake and sausage on a stick and juice. 5 However, students were served a turkey breakfast wrap, cereal with graham crackers, juice and a variety of fresh fruit. The production sheet said that 62 meals were served and listed 62 servings of turkey breakfast wrap. Yet observations indicated several students took cereal. They were not taking cereal and the hot entrée, so the production sheets do not reflect actual items served and the nutritional analysis will not be accurate. The production sheets should have listed the actual servings of cereal and hot entrées, and these combined totals should equal the number of meals claimed for that meal. Menus are supposed to be followed as written, and production sheets must match menus and list exactly what was served and in what quantities. If occasional substitutions are made or leftovers are used, they must be listed on production sheets. If the planned menus are not what the students like or what the district wants to serve, they should be officially changed. The manager should work closely with Preferred Meals to create menus the students like and that fit the nutritional requirements. In previous FCMAT observations (October 2010), many students took two entrées and did not pay extra for them. This appears to have improved greatly. A few students were taking two but paying for the second one. A few tried to sneak two, but most were caught by the staff. However, the staff does not seem to understand what constitutes a complete meal or the Offer vs. Serve concept. Many students were told they had to take milk even though they had a complete meal. Many students were taking two fresh fruits plus juice or were taking two to three portions of dessert items. They should just have one of each item. When the staff was asked about this, they did not understand that milk was not required. They did understand that students should only take one fruit but were not requiring compliance. Offer vs. Serve is a method of giving students a choice of what they want to take for a meal. It is a requirement at the high school level. In the food-based menu plan the district must offer a minimum number of menu items, four at breakfast and five at lunch. Students may decline two items at lunch and one at breakfast. The students decide which items they will decline. Students are required to take an entrée but can decline any other components. At King City High School the snack bar serves a slightly different menu than the main line (which has a salad bar). There are several entrée choices, but trays of side dishes are pre-assembled with fruit, chips and carrot sticks. The students must take this tray along with a choice of entrée and milk. This is not Offer vs. Serve. Students should be given the option of declining items of their choosing. A better way to handle this and stay in compliance is to have bowls of fruit, carrots and chips at the window, and students may choose an entrée plus a side (or sides) of their choice. In speaking with the food service manager it seemed that either she does not understand the regulations regarding menus, production sheets or nutritional analysis or she feels it is the responsibility of Preferred Meals to meet the requirements. Preferred Meals is basically a food supplier that offers menu planning and analysis as part of the service. It is not a food service management company. It is the district’s respon- sibility to monitor the program and make sure it meets regulations. The manager should take the initia- tive to work with Preferred Meals to create a menu the district is satisfied with and alert them to changes needed. Preferred Meals will adjust menus, production and order sheets as needed and will provide an analysis of the agreed-upon menu. The district needs to follow the menu as planned and record produc- tion sheets accurately. If the manager does not understand the requirements she should review guidelines from the Department of Education or USDA or attend classes. The California Department of Education, Nutrition Services website (cde.ca.gov/ls/nu) and the USDA website contain vast amounts of very useful information about all aspects of the Child Nutrition Program. The state offers an excellent course for new food service managers, the Child Nutrition Program Administration overview, that is being offered during the week 6 of June 20 in Sacramento. To register or obtain more information, contact Linda Sweeney at lsweeney@ casa.sjsu.edu or at 408-924-3125. A registration form may be downloaded from the San Jose State University Training Opportunities Web page at http://www.nufs.sjsu.edu/calpronet/courses.htm. Failure to follow menu protocols or nutritional standards can result in withholding of funds or even fines from the state, so it is vital that regulations are met. During the upcoming state program review (CRE/SMI) the district will be expected to follow menus that meet nutritional standards and production records, and the menus will be reviewed for completeness and accuracy. The district may have to forfeit reimbursements if it is shown that the menus or production sheets do not meet requirements for reimbursable meals. Written checklists are available (see references) regarding compliance requirements. Usually state child nutrition consultants conduct workshops prior to reviews to remind districts of expectations. However, this is often just before the review, so the manager should obtain information and be prepared ahead of time. Participation in the district’s meal program is not very high considering the percentage of eligible stu- dents. As discussed in an earlier section, staff members commented that the students are not happy with menu choices. They have conducted a few small taste tests with foods from Preferred Meals but have not done a comprehensive survey to discover what students really think about the food. It would be a very good idea to survey students as to preferences and what would make them participate regularly. This should be done before menus are set for the upcoming year. A la carte items were reviewed for compliance with the food sale regulations (SB 12). The actual snack items appear compliant, but many entrées are sold separately and may not meet the regulations. The dis- trict did not have nutritional information available for the entrées, so it could not be determined if they indeed meet standards. This information should be available from Preferred Meals. The manager should ask for this and keep a file on hand of all items served. This is a program requirement and may be evalu- ated during the state review. Nutritional guidelines for a la carte snacks and entrées are included in this report. Basically, snacks must be 250 calories or less, 35% fat and 35 % sugar (by weight). Entrées must be no more than 400 calories and 4 grams of fat/100 calories (maximum of 16 grams or 36% fat). Preferred Meals states that its snacks fit guidelines, but it would be prudent for the district to verify. A calculator for checking snack foods is available at the following website: http://www.californiaprojectlean.org/calculator_MH_S.asp?id=180. The calculator does not include entrée guidelines, but those are much simpler to determine. Recommendations The district should: 1. Ensure that the manager works closely with Preferred Meals to plan menus that students like and that fit regulations. Clearly communicate any needed changes to Preferred Meals. 2. Conduct surveys to determine student preferences. Complete the surveys before the end of the 2010-11 school year. 3. Follow planned menus and ensure that production sheets match menus and include all items served in the quantities used. Ensure that nutritional analysis matches menus served. Require the manager to become familiar with nutrient requirements, and periodically review nutritional analysis provided by Preferred Meals. 4. Educate staff and students in the concepts of complete reimbursable meals and Offer vs. Serve. 7 5. Request the nutritional information of all products used from Preferred Meals and keep it in a file or notebook. Review a la carte items for compliance before they are sold. 6. Ensure that the manager works with the state child nutrition consultant to learn what to expect during the state program review (CRE/SMI) expected in November 2011. 7. Require the manager to attend the Child Nutrition Program Administration course and review information on the Nutrition Services and USDA websites. Meal Participation The district has a very high needy population. The free and reduced percentages on the March reimburse- ment claim form indicate that Greenfield High School has 79% free and reduced students and King City High School has 62%. These students can eat at no cost or for the reduced rate of $.30 for breakfast and $.40 at lunch. It is expected in a highly needy population that a large number of students will regularly eat the school meals. This is not the case in the King City JUHSD. Statistics from claim forms reviewed from January to March 2011 indicate that only 27% to 36% of Greenfield students are eligible for free and reduced, and 30% to 42% of King City students participate in the lunch meals. High schools generally see lower participations than elementary schools, but expectations for participation even with this age group should be 50% or higher. The number of reduced students participating in the program is even lower: lunches indicate a participa- tion rate of 18% to 21% at Greenfield and 20% to 29% at King City. Reduced breakfast participation is almost nonexistent, with only two to four reduced-price meals served each month and one to two each day at Greenfield. The district has the option to waive the reduced meal fees, and this sometimes encourages more participation. Higher participation would give the district much more income through reimbursement than it would lose in fees. Breakfast participation is of special concern because participation numbers are 7% to 11% at Greenfield and 4% to 5% at King City. King City High School typically serves just 24 to 29 breakfasts daily and Greenfield between 48 and 81 breakfasts daily. It is not a requirement to offer a breakfast program. Breakfast can also be served as just a sack meal offered as a quick grab-and-go item. An alternative location for breakfast service (such as a mobile cart in the school’s entrance) may make the meal more convenient for students arriving late. A wireless computer setup may be necessary for this. Some schools have found great success serving breakfast at a later hour during a nutrition break, but the district doesn’t have break times so this may not be feasible. Since over- staffing seems to be an issue and serving breakfast requires staff, the district may want to consider alterna- tives. There is no doubt that breakfast is an important meal for students, but if they are not participating it may not be worth the cost to the district. Recommendations The district should: 1. Study the reasons for such low participation given the needy population. 2. Consider waiving the price of reduced meals to encourage participation. 8 3. Consider eliminating the breakfast program or streamlining the menu and serving process to cut costs. 4. Consider strategic locations (such as the entrance to the school grounds) to serve a grab-and-go breakfast to capture more participants. 5. Consider modifying the class schedules for a mid-morning breakfast break. Food Cost Structure from Preferred Meals The district purchases all foods through Preferred Meals and charges $.99 for breakfast and $1.89 for lunch. The district purchases milk separately. The pricing structure is based on the number of entrées the district orders and all other food components (except milk), and all paper goods and cleaning supplies are included in that price. A la carte snack items and beverages are charged separately. The district purchases milk from Foster Farms Dairy, paying an average of $.21 per 8 oz. carton. This makes the food cost per meal $1.21 at breakfast and $2.10 at lunch. Meal reimbursements (federal and state) amount to the following: Reimbursement Type Breakfast Lunch Free $1.96 $3.20 Reduced $1.66 $2.79 (+ .30 & .40 student costs) Paid $ .26 (+$2.00 district price) $.26 (+ $3.00 district price) Meal costs are approximately 66% of reimbursements, which is on the high side. Ideally food costs should be in the 40% to 45% range. However, these meals are completely prepared and include all paper goods and cleaning supplies. They also include the service of creating menus, production sheets, order sheets and nutritional analysis reports. The district may be able to obtain better prices on its own but would have the added responsibilities that come with menu planning and purchasing. With the rapid creation of a new program, this was probably a sensible approach to take initially. Student-paid meal prices seem appropriate at $2.00 for breakfast and $3.00 for lunch (and probably as high as students will pay). With the $.26 federal reimbursement added on, the total cost equals reim- bursements for free meals, which is the minimum the state recommends. Adult meal prices are $.71 higher for breakfast and lunch, which is appropriate. A la carte snack prices seem appropriate. However, the district should look at a la carte entrée prices. A muffin is sold at breakfast for $.50 and cereal for $1.00 – yet the district is paying $.999 for them. Lunch a la carte entrées are sold for $2.00, yet they cost the district $1.89 each (not counting labor expenses). The district either needs to significantly increase a la carte entrée prices or only sell them as part of a complete meal. To control food costs, care should be taken to prevent waste and over-ordering. The manager needs to pay close attention to usage and be familiar with the most popular items so ordering aligns with the meals served. Since the Preferred Meals price structure is based on entrées ordered, if the district over-orders entrées or orders extra to be sold a la carte, it is losing money. Cost control is another reason to make sure students aren’t taking more food items than allowed. They need to be encouraged to take a complete meal and all allowed components if desired. But they should not be 9 forced to take items they don’t want if they already have a complete meal. They should not take double por- tions of any item (unless they pay extra). This issue is discussed in the menu section of the report. Recommendations The district should: 1. Ensure that the manager is very familiar with product usage and orders food carefully to control costs. 2. Train the staff to prepare correct amounts of food and avoid waste. Training should include what constitutes a complete meal and Offer vs. Serve so staff don’t encourage students to take extra, unnecessary items, adding to higher food costs. 3. Evaluate a la carte entrée prices and consider increasing the cost per item or only sell entrées with a complete meal. Staffing and Productivity Prior FCMAT reviews expressed concern that the department was overstaffed based on both Preferred Meals labor recommendations (24.5 hours/day for the entire district) and an estimate of meals per labor hour (MPLH). In October, when the calculations were done, staff hours and meal numbers given to FCMAT were district estimates. At that time it was estimated that the district as a whole had an MPLH of 29. Since neither the labor hours nor meals served were accurate, the MPLH statistics cannot be con- sidered valid either. In looking at data now available from Nutrikids for October, MPLH were really just 11 for the district average. Since that time written staff schedules and accurate computerized meal counts have been made available. The total district hours (as of May 2) are 37.5 (plus four hours of the manager’s time used in food service worker duties). A current MPLH analysis was completed based on meal claim forms for January through March 2011 (see the attached spreadsheet). The department is planning to reduce labor hours beginning May 2, 2011 by six hours per day. Since the meal counts used were before labor hours were cut, the previous number of hours was used. Planned reduced labor hours were also calculated into the average meals to see if goals for higher productivity were met. Unfortunately, neither analysis showed satisfactory results. Greenfield’s average daily meals (including a la carte equivalents) were 348. With the current hours at 22, Greenfield served just 15 meals per labor hour. The planned labor hours of 18 resulted in just 19 meals per labor hour. King City’s statistics are even lower. The school averaged 313 meals a day. Its current labor hours are 21/ day and the planned labor hours are 19.5/day. Four manager hours a day were added to each of these totals because the manager provided FCMAT with that estimate for her time spent in food service worker duties. As a result, the total hours used for King City were 25 and 23.5. The reduction of 1.5 hours did not change the meals per labor hour equivalent, with 13 MPLH in both calculations. The MPLH recommendation for a district using a completely premade menu system is 35 to 40. Both sites are significantly under this goal, which means they are significantly overstaffed. Site observations confirmed these statistics. Staff were unhurried in their duties and had work done well ahead of meal- times. At King City, three staff members were on duty at breakfast (7:30 a.m.). They serve approximately 10 26 meals to King City students and deliver 20 to Portola. One person could handle this workload. Staff was also prepping food for lunch, but this could have been done later in the day since prep is minimal with ready-made food. Lunch was observed at Greenfield. Two identical (self-serve) lunch lines are provided for students, with a cashier at the end of each line. Normally an additional employee monitors the line, but she was absent. The lines went smoothly and students were served efficiently. It appears that the third person is not needed. Another employee sells a la carte items inside the cafeteria. Average daily sales are $48. This may not be enough to warrant a third line. A la carte items could be sold in the meal lines if they were limited in variety. It is more difficult in a high school program to cut labor significantly and still have enough points of sale to accommodate student needs. To meet recommendations of 35 to 40 MPLH, the district would have to cut labor by 50%, which is not realistic. It is also not realistic to use the original labor estimates from Preferred Meals (of 24.5 for the entire district). It may be that Preferred Meals’ estimates were based on their experience with elementary schools, since King City is the company’s first high school district. Because of the problematic start-up the district experienced and the corresponding loss of revenue, a severe encroachment of the general fund is expected and labor costs must be contained. Further staff cuts should be considered; three to five hours less per site should be feasible. This won’t put productivity at desired levels but is a start. Work assignments need to be adjusted and staff needs to be trained in efficiency. Very little preparation is required with Preferred Meals, so fewer hours are needed. Staff is required mostly at mealtimes for managing point of sale computers. It may even be possible to reduce the number of points of sale at both sites without affecting student needs. At King City one less line may be possible in the snack bar, or the “floater” on the main line could be eliminated. At Greenfield it should be possible to eliminate the “floater” on the meal lines, or it may be feasible to sell a la carte items in meal lines instead of a separate line. The staff at the computers will need to be trained in determining if the students have chosen an appropriate complete meal. If participation could be significantly increased, labor would be more balanced. The solution ultimately will be some further reduction of hours, increased participation, and more efficient use of staff time. If the district were preparing its food instead of using Preferred Meals, food costs would likely be less and current labor would be less out of line with goals. Menus may be able to be planned more appropriately for the age group, with student preferences in mind. However, since the district is still in the start-up phase of the program and will receive a state audit, a change of this magnitude is not recommended at this time. This may be a consideration for the future. However, the district would then be responsible for menu planning, recipe development, production records and purchasing (including bids). Recommendations The district should: 1. Consider further staff reductions of three to five hours at each site. 2. Reorganize staff duties and train in more efficient work habits. 3. Find ways to significantly increase participation so labor is more balanced with meals served. 11 4. After the state CRE audit, consider school-prepared food instead of purchasing it from a vendor such as Preferred Meals. Students may be happier with choices, food costs should be lower and staff hours would be more in line with requirements. Program Compliance The National School Meal Program is regulated both by USDA and the California Department of Education (CDE). The Nutrition Services Division of CDE monitors the program. The program is audited every five years (or more often if out of compliance). The audit is broken down into two parts: 1. The Coordinated Review Effort (CRE) – This audit covers general and specific program compliance including free and reduced eligibility, counting and claiming of meals, breakfast and lunch program, menus, sanitation and wellness policy. 2. The School Meals Initiative (SMI) – This audit focuses on the nutritional aspects of the program that include recipes, menus, menu production records, nutritional analysis and educational activities. The district will receive its first CRE/SMI in fall 2011, tentatively scheduled for November. Since it is considered a new program, it likely will be reviewed very carefully for compliance. Areas found out of compliance will require corrective action plans by the district. Compliance issues that relate to incorrect eligibility determination, meal counts or menus not meeting standards for a complete meal may result in fiscal action. This is why it is critical that the application processing, computer eligibility data and point of sale process are as accurate as possible. Likewise, it is essential that menus are planned according to nutrition requirements, served as planned and documented completely on production records. Detailed information on both of these reviews can be found on the CDE website under the Nutrition Services section. The district should review detailed requirements and make sure its program is in compliance. The food services manager should become familiar with requirements and train staff in the essentials of the program. As mentioned in a previous section, the district should consider sending the manager to the Child Nutrition Administration course. The manager should also work closely with her state child nutrition consultant to help interpret requirements and answer questions. Recommendations The district should: 1. Ensure that the food service manager becomes familiar with program requirements and what is expected for the CRE/SMI. 2. Carefully review district practice vs. requirements well ahead of the CRE. Budget Concerns According to April 2011 budget figures, the district projects a transfer of at least $364,000 into the cafeteria budget. This is 65% of total revenue. Contributing factors include the delay in filing for a child nutrition program with the state, low participation and excessive labor hours. The district lost four 12 months of reimbursement revenue because it could not claim meals. During this time food and labor expenses were accruing from meals served. Food costs are budgeted at $304,000, which is 54% of the total budget, and labor and benefits add up to $200,904, or 36%. Generally, food and labor should each equal approximately 40% of the budget. Food costs are high partly because of the relatively expensive Preferred Meals plan and possibly because of over-ordering. The meal costs are based on the number of entrées ordered and the menus have several entrée choices daily. If close attention is not paid to actual usage, costs could easily accelerate. Accurate production records can be immensely helpful in understanding usage. Labor costs of 36% do not usually indicate overstaffing, but with the simplicity of the menu, high cost of food and low participation in the program, labor costs should be lower. The meals-per-labor-hour statis- tics indicate severe overstaffing for the number of meals served. Ideally, a child nutrition program should be self-funded and should not need subsidies from the general fund. The department has significant work to do to achieve this goal. The only way to reverse the cur- rent trend is to significantly increase participation or reduce food and labor costs. With the highly needy population, reimbursements could be significant with more students using the program. As discussed in other sections of this report, staff efficiencies need to be improved, as do ordering procedures and waste control. Recommendations The district should: 1. Consider staff reductions and improve staff efficiency. 2. Pay close attention to food ordering and waste. 3. Consider other food procurement options, although this would not be advisable until after the 2011-12 program review. 4. Find opportunities to improve participation so revenues increase. Summary of Progress and Overall Recommendations for Improvement Since the October FCMAT review, the district has improved in many areas: • The program application was completed and approved so meal reimbursements could be claimed beginning January 1, 2011. • New lunch applications were filled out by families and processed using the Nutrikids computer program. Most appear to be accurately processed but need to be carefully double checked. • The technology staff assisted in completing the direct certification process, automatically qualify- ing categorically eligible students for the free and reduced meal program and matching them to the district database. • The Nutrikids computers were installed at all points of meal service to track meals. Students input ID numbers to access accounts and for confidentiality. This program is linked to cur- rent eligibilities determined from direct certification and applications, so counts are accurately categorized. 13 • Staff seem to understand how to use the computers and do not overtly identify students’ eligi- bilities. • Staff has adjusted cash counting procedures so two employees count money. This is the planned method but it doesn’t always occur if staff is shorthanded. This should occur daily regardless of staffing issues. Other staff members should be trained in this process. Areas needing improvement: • Menus need to be planned for student preferences and must be precisely followed. Any menu changes need to be coordinated with Preferred Meals so printed menus, production sheets and analysis match actual practice. • Production records need to be completed, listing all food items, quantities served and leftovers. They need to match planned menus. • Nutritional analysis of menus needs to reflect menus as served. Preferred Meals does the analysis and cannot provide accurate information without knowing what is actually served. • Lunch applications need to be carefully processed and double checked for accuracy. A few errors were noted in a brief review of applications. Errors in eligibility determination can result in fiscal action from the state. • Food service staff need training in identifying a complete meal, understanding Offer vs. Serve and in efficient work habits. • The food service manager needs training in many aspects of the child nutrition program – menu planning, production records, nutrition standards of meals and a la carte items, eligibility deter- mination, and overall program management. • The district and food service manager need to review guidelines for the CRE/SMI (state pro- gram audit) to make sure they follow all regulations and know what to expect. Attachments • Guideline for nutritional standards for a la carte sales • Meal Patterns for Breakfast and Lunch for Traditional Food-Based Option • Nutrition Standards for Breakfast and Lunch for Traditional Food-Based Option • Meals per labor hour worksheet • CRE/SMI Guidelines Should you have any questions or comments regarding the content of this letter, please contact me at (661) 636-4611 or mbarlow@fcmat.org. Sincerely, Mary Barlow Deputy Administrative Officer 14 15 16 17 18 19 MEAL AND LABOR COMPARISONS (MPLH) Jan - Mar 2011 King City Greenfield Includes Portola & Transition Jan Feb Mar 3 Mo Avg Jan Feb Mar 3 Mo Avg Bkft/Day 24 26 29 26 49 61 61 57 Lunches/Day 182 235 255 224 201 257 271 243 Total Meals/Day 206 261 284 250 250 318 332 300 A la Carte $/Day $ 141 $ 161 $ 156 $ 153 $ 20 $ 6 3 $ 61 $ 48 A la Carte Equivalents 56 64 69 63 8 25 27 $ 48 Total Meal Equiv. 262 325 353 313 258 343 359 348 LABOR HOURS* 25 25 25 25 22 22 22 22 MPLH (w/ 'old hours') 10 13 14 13 12 16 16 15 New Labor Hrs (effective May 1) 23.5 18 MPLH w/ new labor hours 13 19 Labor Hrs @ K.C. include 4 hrs of Debi Lesly 20 21 troffE weiveR detanidrooC PLSN ECNADIUG WEIVER EVITARTSINIMDA :WEIVER ROF DETCELES SETIS ROF SDROCER EVAH ESAELP :WEIVER ROF ERAPERP UOY PLEH LLIW WOLEB NOITAMROFNI EHT .etis yb dezinagrO • .deweiver eb lliw taht saerA ecnailpmoC eht stsil )1( nmuloC • .eciffo ycnega eht sa hcus ,noitacol lartnec a ta elbaliavA • .reweiver eht ot elbaliava ekam tsum uoy stnemucod eht sliated )2( nmuloC • .ydaer era taht stnemucod rof tsilkcehc a sa uoy rof dedivorp si )3( nmuloC • .weiver rof eraperp uoy pleh ot noitamrofni lanoitidda sevig )4( nmuloC • )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT yliaD egarevA eerf a fo airetirc s’ERC teem hcihw deweiver eb tsum setis llA • ”teehskroW noitceleS etiS“ ,A TNEMHCATTA fo )FP( rotcaF noitapicitraP eerf a dna erom ro 001 fo )PDA( noitapicitraP eht deecxe yam deweiver eb ot setis eht fo latot ehT .)001/001( erom ro %001 ”skcarT htiW sloohcS-noitceleS etiS“ ,B TNEMHCATTA .A elbaT gnisu detceles eb ot setis fo rebmun ot rebmun eht naht ssel si airetirc 001/001 s’ADSU gnisu setis fo rebmun eht fI • A ELBAT :neht ,A elbaT gnisu detceles eb eb tsum deriuqer rebmun muminim eht teem ot setis lanoitidda fo noitceleS o deweiveR eb ot setiS muminiM setiS fo rebmuN latoT NOITCELES ETIS :gniwollof eht fo FP eerf a dna erom ro 001 fo PDA eerf na no desab 1 5 - 1 sloohcs yratnemele rof %79 (cid:131) 2 01 - 6 eb ot setis fo rebmun ehT )hgih dna yratnemele fo( noitanibmoc rof %78 (cid:131) 3 02 - 11 yb denimreted si deweiver sloohcs hgih rof %77 (cid:131) 4 04 - 12 .A elbaT eht yb dedivid syad gnivres fo rebmun yb dedivid demialc slaem = FP( 6 06 - 14 )elbigile rebmun 8 08 - 16 latot eht nopu desab( deweiver eb ot setis fo rebmun muminim deriuqer eht fI • 01 001 - 18 etatS lanoitidda ,airetirc evoba eht yb tem ton si )ycnega eht ni setis fo rebmun 21 *erom ro 101 setis fo rebmun gniniamer eht tceles ot desu eb lliw airetirc )AS( ycnegA 001 revo rebmun eht fo %5 sulp* .deriuqer eht fo noitacidni na evah tsum snoitacilppA :noitacude dnuor raey htiw setiS • eht rof weiver rof detceles etis hcae rof snoitacilppa ytilibigilE .A .kcart etairporppa .weiver fo htnom AERA LACITIRC edulcnI :setis elpitlum ta nerdlihc rof ylimaf yb snoitacilppa elif taht seicnegA • .deweiver etis eht gnidnetta nerdlihc eht rof snoitacilppa fo seipoc ro lanigiro dooF ro sselemoH ,tnargiM ,paG niK ,RIPDF ,sKROWlaC ynA .B ECNAMROFREP :setis llA • .noitatnemucod noitacifitrec tcerid pmatS 1 DRADNATS tuo derrefsnart ro nwardhtiw evah ohw stneduts rof snoitacilppa edulcnI o .htnom weiver eht ecnis .noitatnemucod devorppa yawanur ro sselemoh tnargim ynA .C 1 TRAP .setis weiver eht rof noitacifirev rof dellup snoitacilppa edulcnI o DNA NOITACIFITREC erafleW ytnuoC edulcnI .deifitrec yltcerid stneduts fo tsil edulcnI o weiver eht rof noitatnemucod ecnaussi tifeneb rehto ro sretsoR .D ECNAUSSI TIFENEB yawanur ro sselemoh tnargim edulcnI .noitacifitrec laiciffo s’tnemtrapeD .detceles setis rof htnom .noitatnemucod lavorppa rof noitacilppa s’dlihc hcaE em 0 it 1 d e e v ri i u g q t e su r m eh , t s n ti i f h e t n iw e b e d d a e m sa e yt r i c li n b i i g ro ile f s o y t a s d e g g n n a ita h r c e w po o h 3 s n t i s h u ti m w ( s s re e t m so a R rf o noitelpmoc tcerroc rof snoitcurtsni dna senilediug tnerruc fo ypoC .E devorp e p c a i r y p l - t d ce e r c r u o d c e s r i d s n e a h c e n e u rf l .)R ot F dna ,D ot R ,D ot F .e.i ,stifeneb desaerced rof syad radnelac .snoitacilppa fo htiw ecnadrocca ni deined ro retsor eht sehctam snoitacilppa rof desu metsys gnilif eht fi lufpleh si tI o 7 fo noisivorp noitacilppa eht .redro .ycilop ecirp decuder dna eerf eht gninialpxe stnerap ot rettel ehT .F 542 traP RFC 81.012 RFC 7 :ecnerefeR -retni rof setis/stcirtsid loohcs emoh morf sretsor ytilibigilE .G :FI NEKAT EB YAM NOITCA LACSIF .stnuoc laem ni dedulcni stneduts gnitisiv/noisses ot tnaveler noitatnemucod noitacifitrec rehto ro snoitacilppa ytilibigile s’etis A • .weiver rof elbaliava dna tcerroc ,etelpmoc ton era htnom weiver eht ,elbacilppa fi ,dna etis yb syad gnivres htiw radnelac raey loohcS .H tnetsisnoc ton era htnom hcae rof stnemucod ecnaussi tifeneb rehto ro sretsoR • .kcart .noitatnemucod ytilibigile htiw margorP hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN = PLSN ecivreS noitirtuN dna dooF = SNF snoitalugeR laredeF fo edoC 7 eltiT = RFC 7 :smynorcA fo dnegeL noitacudE ni srentraP sa htlaeH gnipahS = EPAHS nitelluB tnemeganaM = BM troffE weiveR detanidrooC = ERC erutlucirgA fo stnemtrapeD setatS detinU = ADSU noisiviD secivreS noitirtuN = DSN edoC noitacudE ainrofilaC = CE 22 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1 )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT :airetirc gniwollof eht steem taht eno si metsys gnitnuoc etauqeda nA • denimreted eb yam ti hcihw ta tniop eht( ecivres fo tniop etarucca sedivorP o ni shtnom eht lla rof mrof mialc tnemesrubmier detelpmoc ehT .A AERA LACITIRC fo stnuoc laem )DEVRES NEEB SAH laem elbasrubmier ,etelpmoc a taht .raey margorp tnerruc eht ot devres slaem diap dna ,ecirp decuder ,eerf elbasrubmier fo rebmun eht ECNAMROFREP .sisab yliad a no nerdlihc elbigile 1 DRADNATS ;ycnega eht ot yletarucca stnuoc esoht stroper dna sdroceR o detroper slatot tnuoc laem ylhtnom dna sdrocer tnuoc laem yliaD .B ,dna ;ydeen elbigile eht fo noitacifitnedi trevo stneverP o noisses ni htnom tsrif eht morf shtnom lla rof ,etis yb yletarapes 2 TRAP .tsixe slortnoc lanretni erusne ot ycnega yb derotinom sI o rof raey tnerruc eht rof htnom weiver eht hguorht 03 enuJ retfa GNIMIALC DNA GNITNUOC .weiver rof detceles setis 81.012 RFC 7 :ecnerefeR dna ,ecirp decuder ,eerf llA rof demialc sehcnul diap :FI NEKAT EB YAM NOITCA LACSIF laem etauqeda ebircsed hcihw serudecorp noitcelloc nettirW .C devres era tnemesrubmier .airetirc evoba eht teem ot sliaf metsys tnuoc laem s’etis A .weiver rof detceles setis eht ta detnemelpmi sa smetsys tnuoc rof elbigile nerdlihc ot ylno diap dna ,ecirp decuder ,eerf dna ;ylevitcepser ,sehcnul ,dedrocer ,detnuoc era detroper dna detadilosnoc tcirtsid eritne eht rof erugif ecnadnetta yliad egareva s’ycnegA .D hcihw metsys a hguorht .skcehc tide rof desu fi ,weiver rof detceles setis ro/dna tcerroc sdleiy yltnetsisnoc .smialc ni tcerroc si noitpo gninnalp unem eht sepyt laem dna setis lla rof taht erusnE • .SPINC eht AERA LACITIRC dna smeti doof fo rebmun deriuqer niatnoc tsum weiver gnirud devresbo slaeM • doof deriuqer lla gnitsil weiver fo htnom eht rof sunem detsil yliaD .A eht rof noitpo gninnalp unem eht ot gnidrocca smeti unem ro stnenopmoc .smeti unem ro stnenopmoc dna smeti ECNAMROFREP .)s(etis 2 DRADNATS yb deriuqer sa stneirtun rehto dna seirolac etauqeda edivorp demialc sehcnuL • snoitaluger margorp STNEMELE LAEM 81.012 dna 01.012 RFC 7 :secnerefeR rof demialc sehcnuL taht doirep weiver eht rof noitatnemucod rehto ro sdrocer uneM .B laem niatnoc tnemesrubmier :FI NEKAT EB YAM NOITCA LACSIF ro stnenopmoc dna smeti doof deriuqer lla taht etacidni ylraelc dna smeti doof( stnemele .airetirc evoba eht teem ot sliaf ecivres laem ro unem s’etis A .stnemeriuqer ylkeew dna yliad rof dereffo era smeti unem ro smeti unem ,stnenopmoc deriuqer sa )smeti rehto 01.012 RFC 7 rednu yb DECALPER LITNU TPEK EB TSUM stnemeergA dna stnemetatS yciloP • TNEMHCATTA edulcnI( tnemetats ycilop ecirp decuder dna eerF .A dilav era yeht etad noitaripxe on evah stnemucod eseht ecniS .stnemucod wen .)tsafkaerB dna hcnuL rof serudecorP noitcelloC/tnuoC laeM C 1 AERA LARENEG .decalper litnu yrammuS noitacifireV ycnegA ro tcirtsiD – D TNEMHCATTA .B noitatnemucod ylraey rehto dna stnemetatS noitapicitraP launnA laweneR • DECUDER DNA EERF .tnedutS laudividnI yb sgnidniF noitacifireV – E TNEMHCATTA .C .raey tnerruc eht sulp sraey 3 rof elbaliava eb tsum DNA SSECORP ECIRP :gniwollof eht edulcnI .etis hcae ta stnemucod ecnerefer sa dnah no ot deen serudecorP noitcelloC • NOITACIFIREV ytnuoC ehT .dedulcni eb dluohs noitacifitrec tcerid rof nalp s’tcirtsid ehT rof detceles snoitacilppa ecirp-decuder dna eerf eht fo seipoC .1 etad dna erutangis a htiw rettel noitacifitrec laiciffo s’tnemtrapeD erafleW noitacifirev tnes eb tsum serudecorp noitcelloc ot segnahC .weiver rof elbaliava eb dluohs ot roirp noitacilppa hcae yfirev ot desu noitatnemucoD .2 .reweiver eht ot .raey hcae fo 51 rebmevoN .etatS eht ot dettimbus troper noitacifirev launna edivorP • dna etatS eht ot dettimbus yrammus noitacifirev cinortcelE .3 .noitatnemucod pukcab 542 RFC 7 :ecnerefeR nihtiw edam era segnahc ytilibigile taht gniwohs sdroceR .4 :FI NEKAT EB YAM NOITCA LACSIF desaercni rof syad gnitarepo 3 – syad fo rebmun deriuqer .semarf emit deriuqer nihtiw edam ton era noitacifirev morf segnahc tifeneB F( stifeneb desaerced rof syad radnelac 01 ,)F ot R( stifeneb .)D ot R ro D ot F ,R ot .stneduts ydeen eht fo noitacifitnedi trevo on fo ecnedivE .D 2 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 23 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT :gniwollof eht erusne llahs ycnegA • dradnats tneirtun/stnemele ro trahc hcaorppA gninnalP uneM .A sehcnul taht os decudorp dna dennalp era doof fo seititnauq tneiciffuS o .etis hcae ta dewollof si taht trahc 2 AERA LARENEG stnuoma eht tsael ta ni stnemele laem deriuqer eht lla niatnoc dedivorp .nrettap hcnul etis etairporppa eht ni detacidni /SNRETTAP LAEM detceles htnom eht rof sdroceR tropsnarT dna noitcudorP uneM .B .detnemucod era sgnivres daerb/niarg fo ezis noitrop dna thgiew ehT o .desu doof fo ytitnauq dna ezis noitrop gnidulcni weiver rof SDRADNATS TNEIRTUN rehto dna seirolac etauqeda niatnoc sehcnul taht evorp ot tpek era sdroceR o .snoitaluger margorp yb deriuqer sa stneirtun laicremmoc rof sesylana tcudorp ro snoitacificeps tnerruC .C ssel niatnoc dna deirf eb ton tsum laem elbasrubmier eht fo trap sa sdooF o .htnom weiver eht rof desu smeti doof deraperp 8002-40 PSN-DSN BM ,7.03494 edoC dE .taf snart laicifitra smarg 5. naht fo htnom eht rof noitaraperp doof ni desu sepicer dezidradnatS .D .weiveR evitaitinI slaeM loohcS eht ni htped ni derevoc eb lliw aera sihT :ETON .weiver launaM gniniarT slaeM loohcS yhtlaeH dna 81.012 RFC 7 :secnerefeR sdoof eht rof sdrocer yrotnevni dna seciovnI esahcrup dooF .E .weiver fo htnom eht ni devres elbacilppa fi ,weiver fo yad dna doirep weiver rof sesylana tneirtuN .F evitartsinimda lla ni detsop eb ot si tnemetats noitanimircsidnon gniwollof ehT • ot deraperp eb dluohs ycnega eht rof rotanidrooC sthgiR liviC ehT :slairetam margorp ni dedulcni dna saera ecivres doof dna eciffo :gniwollof eht tuoba snoitseuq rewsna 3 AERA LARENEG .)stnapicitrap margorp ot( deyalpsid yltnenimorp retsop sthgir liviC .A fo tnemtrapeD setatS detinU dna wal laredeF htiw ecnadrocca nI DNA STHGIR LIVIC morf detibihorp si noitutitsni siht ,ycilop )ADSU( erutlucirgA NERDLIHC .tnemetats noitanimircsid-non eht gniwohs slairetam margorP .B ro ,ega ,xes ,nigiro lanoitan ,roloc ,ecar fo sisab eht no gnitanimircsid HTIW .ytilibasid SDEEN LAICEPS sa margorp hcnul eht fo ytilibaliava eht gnicnuonna esaeler cilbuP .C liviC fo eciffO ,rotceriD ,ADSU etirw ,noitanimircsid fo tnialpmoc a elif oT .snoitazinagro stoor ssarg/ytinummoc dna aidem cilbup ot tnes htiw ylpmoc llahs seicnegA ,WS ,eunevA ecnednepednI 0041 ,gnidliuB nettihW ,W-623 mooR ,sthgiR a nehw slairetam margorp fo snoitalsnart egaugnal ngieroF .D fo IV eltiT fo stnemeriuqer .)DDT dna eciov( 4695-027 )202( llac ro 0149-05202 .C.D ,notgnihsaW a ylno kaeps noitalupop eht ni snosrep fo rebmun tnacifingis ,4691 fo tcA sthgiR liviC eht ”.reyolpme dna redivorp ytinutroppo lauqe na si ADSU .egaugnal ngierof htiw snaciremA eht . dna ,1991 fo tcA seitilibasiD ot smargorP noitirtuN dlihC rof erudecorp tnialpmoc nettirW .E eht fo 405 noitceS ecivres cilbup ,reylf egap eno a no desu eb yam tnemetats trohs gniwollof ehT • .noitanimircsid gnigella stnialpmoc eldnah ,3791 fo tcA noitatilibaheR :aidem rehto ro tenretnI eht ,tnemecnuonna fo tnemllorne tcirtser ton od serudecorp noissimda taht ecnedivE .F .snosrep ytironim ” redivorp ytinutroppo lauqe na si noitutitsni sihT“ yltcerroc deined era snoitacilppa ytironim taht evorp ot ecnedivE .G sunem no eb ot evah ton seod tnemetats noitanimircsid-non ehT • .yletairporppa dna era stroper SDEBC .etis yb stnapicitrap fo atad cinhtE/laicaR .H ROF ECITSUJ DNA“ eht fo elpmas tnerruc a sniatnoC( 006-99 BM:secnerefeR .elbatpecca noitanimircsidnoN( 8002-30 PNC ADSU BM , )71x11 tsop tsum ,retsop ”LLA yrateiD laicepS( 701-30 BM dna )serudecorP tnialpmoC( 106-99 BM ,)tnemetatS eht ot ssecca lauqe evah stneduts deppacidnah taht ecnedivE .I )sdeeN .margorP htiw nerdlihc rof steid laiceps rof elif no noitatnemucod lacideM .J noitcudorp unem no noitatnemucoD .sdeen doof cificeps .devres sdoof yrateid laiceps rof sdrocer tropsnart/steehs 3 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 24 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT .raey margorP hcae ni 1 yraurbeF yb detelpmoc eb tsuM :gnirotinom etiS • :slaeM elbasrubmieR rof stnuoC laeM fo gnirotinoM etiS .A 4 AERA LARENEG ycnega hcae ,mialc tnemesrubmier ylhtnom eht gnittimbus erofeB :skcehC tidE • gnidulcni ,setis elpitlum htiw seicnega rof stroper gnirotinom etiS dna eerf YLIAD s'etis hcae gnirapmoc yb stnuoc laem "kcehc tide" tsum .setad noitelpmoc dna dedeen noitca evitcerroc ETIS GNIROTINOM :htiw stnuoc laem ecirp decuder .troper gnirotinom elpmas a rof F TNEMHCATTA eeS /SEITILIBISNOPSER .yrogetac yb elbigile nerdlihc fo rebmun latoT o :skcehC tidE tnuoC laeM .B NOITATINAS slaem ecirp decuder dna eerf rof devorppa yltnerruc nerdlihc fo rebmun ehT o fo htnom eht rof etis yb skcehc tide tnuoc laem yliad detelpmoC .rotcaf ecnadnetta laredef tnerruc eht semit kcehc tide elpmas rof H dna G TNEMHCATTA eeS .weiver desucxe edulcxe tsum hcihw ,rotcaf ecnadnetta ycnega ro etis ehT o .stamrof .rotcaf ecnadnetta lanoitan eht fo ecalp ni desu eb yam ,secnesba rotcaf lanoitaN tnerruc eht gnisu "dekcehc-tide" eb lliw smialc dettimbuS • noitatinaS dna ytefaS .C fI .yrogetac yb elbigile rebmun eht )semit( devres erew slaem syad eht )semit( lacol fo noitatnemucod ro nehctik ni detsop timreP htlaeH .1 stnuoc detroper dna rotcaf ecnadnetta ycnega ro cificeps etis gnisu era uoy .evitanretla uoY .mialcrevo laitnetop fo eciton a eviecer lliw uoy ,skcehc tide AS eht deecxe noitcepsni tnecer tsom eht fo ypoc a taht tnemesivda cilbuP .2 fi enimreted ot atad tnuoc laem gnitroppus fo sisylana eht rof elbisnopser era .tseuqer nopu elbaliava si troper .deriuqer si tnemtsujda mialc -non taht noitatnemucod dna snoitcepsni gniogno fo stropeR .3 .edoC dooF liateR ainrofilaC eht htiw ylpmoc tsum seicnegA • snoitcepsni htlaeh owT .devloser erew sgnidnif ecnailpmoc .rezeerf dna rotaregirfer hcae ni decalp eb tsum sretemomrehT • taht noitatnemucod ,ton fI .etis rep raey margorp rep deriuqer rof ecnadiuG ADSU retfa deledom eb yam nalp ytefas doof desab-PCCAH • htlaeh lacol eht morf raey rep snoitcepsni owt detseuqer uoy .tnemtraped ta detacol seitirohtuA dooF loohcS mth.ytefas_doof/snf/vog.adsu.snf.www//:ptth dradnatS sedulcni hcihw ,nalp ytefas doof desab-PCCAH .4 .selpicnirp PCCAH dna )sPOS( serudecorP gnitarepO :secnerefeR .detnemelpmi neeb sah nalp eht taht noitatnemucoD dna gnitropeR( )5()h(81.012 dna )noitcepsnI ytefaS dooF( 31.012 RFC7 a si ETIS HCAE TA eeyolpme eno tsael ta taht ecnedivE .5 4 retpahC ,7 traP ,401 noisiviD edoC ytefaS dna htlaeH ainrofilaC ,)gnipeekdroceR -doof devorppa na dessap sah dna "reldnah doof deifitrec" 32# dna 22# steehS noitamrofnI ,noitacifitreC ytefaS dooF no 808-99 BMdna noitanimaxe ytefas etilletas a fo noitinifed eht steem etis eht taht noitatnemucoD .6 degakcaperp ylno sevres taht eno( ytilicaf noitubirtsid doof morf tpmexe erofereht si tiurf elohw dna segareveb ,doof .)tnemeriuqer "reldnah doof deifitrec" :edulcni tsum stnemetats ycilop dna stnemeergA • .stnemetats ycilop dna stnemeergA .A na ro noitacilppa ecirp decuder dna eerf dednemmocer AS eht fo ypoC o 5 AERA LARENEG .etanretla devorppa .serudecorp noitacifireV .B .sdlohesuoh ot rettel eht fo ypoC o GNITROPER .serudecorp noitcelloc nettirW o .atad elbigile ecirp decuder dna eerf ,tnemllorne ylhtnoM .C DNA fi ,slaem eerf rof serudecorp dna nalp ,tnemeergA noitacifitreC tceriD o GNIPEEK DROCER .elbacilppa lanretni ,sweiver etis-no ,skcehc tide :etis yb atad tnuoc laeM .D .3 ro ,2 ,1 noisivorP gnimialC tnemelpmi ot tseuqer ,desu fI o .slortnoc .tnemeerga wen a yb DECALPER LITNU TPEK EB TSUM stnemeergA o .atad gnitroppus dna tnemesrubmier rof smialC .E .tnenamrep era stnemeerga PBS dna PLSN eht fo noissimbus retfa sraey 3 fo doirep a rof tpek eb tsum sdrocer ycnegA o .sdrocer noitcudorp doof dna uneM .F ton evah sgnidnif tidua fI .raey lacsif eht rof tnemesrubmieR rof mialC lanif sa rof ,doirep raey-3 eht dnoyeb tpek eb tsum sdrocer eht ,devloser neeb .secruoser hsac ten gnidulcni sdrocer esnepxe dna euneveR .G .tidua eht yb desiar seussi eht fo noituloser rof deriuqer sa gnol .sesnepxe gnitarepo 'shtnom eerht deecxe ton nac secruoser hsac teN o .sesnopser nettirw dna stroper tiduA .H launaM ecnadiuG margorP noitirtuN loohcS dna )c(32.012 RFC 7 :secnerefeR .snoituloser dna stnialpmoc sthgir liviC .I .noitatnemucod noitca evitcerroC .J livic no ffats fo gniniart launna morf teehs ni-ngis dna adnegA .K .serudecorp gnitnuoc laem dna sthgir 4 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 25 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH YCNEGA AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT :05594 noitceS CE • ni slipup ydeen elbigile lla ot dedivorp era slaem taht ecnedivE .A hgih noitaunitnoc gnidulcni ,evlewt edarg hguorht netragrednik 6 AERA MARGORP dna tcirtsid loohcs hcae ,wal fo noisivorp rehto yna gnidnatshtiwtoN" na fo noitatnemucod ro sloohcs laiceps rehto dna sloohcs fo yna ro netragrednik yna gniniatniam sloohcs fo tnednetnirepus ytnuoc .reviaw devorppa ETADNAM LAEM ETATS ydeen hcae rof edivorp ,7791 ,1 yluJ no gnicnemmoc ,llahs 21 ot 1 sedarg )ylnO sloohcS cilbuP( lla no elbaliava era slaem etauqeda yllanoitirtun taht ecnedivE .B ecirp-decuder ro eerf etauqeda yllanoitirtun eno ,niereht dellorne lipup "syaD muminiM" gnidulcni ,tneserp era nerdlihc nehw syad loohcs "...yad loohcs hcae gnirud laem .spirt dleif dna fo noitaraperp dna noitubirtsid ,egarots ,gnildnah eht rof seitilicaF :EGAROTS • .sdrocer yrotnevni doof desahcrup ro detanod ADSU .A tsniaga draugefas ylreporp ot sa hcus eb llahs sdoof detanod dna desahcrup 7 AERA MARGORP .ssol rehto dna egaliops ,tfeht rof deniatniam eb tsum sdrocer etelpmoc dna etaruccA :GNIPEEK DROCER • .stcartnoc dna ,gnissecorp ,gniviecer ,gniredro fo sdroceR .B SDOOF DETANOD ADSU dessecorp gnidulcni ,sdoof detanod fo yrotnevni dna lasopsid ,esu ,tpiecer eht gnitacidni rettel a ro stroper noitcepsni tnemtraped htlaeh lacoL .C .sdoof detanod .ecalp ni metsys evitanretla 84.052 RFC 7 :ecnerefeR .I TNEMHCATTA ot refeR .mrof weiveR ytilicaF egarotS tnerruC .D sa margorP tsafkaerB loohcS eht rof tpek eb dluohs sdrocer fo epyt emas ehT • diaP dna ,ecirP decudeR ,eerF fo yrogetac yb stnuoc laem yliaD .A hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN eht rof snoitaluger ERC eht rednu deriuqer era 8 AERA MARGORP .tfel ta D dna C ,B ,A ot detimil ton tub gnidulcni ,margorP tneirtuN ro nrettaP laeM dna sdroceR noitcudorP uneM yliaD .B .dewollof dradnatS TSAFKAERB LOOHCS 8.022 dna 7.022 RFC 7 :secnerefeR MARGORP seit taht retsor ro yrogetac yb snoitacilppa ecirp decuder dna eerF .C .snoitacilppa PLSN ot PLSN eht htiw srosnops roF a ,stnemeergA PBS eht dna yrammus ylhtnoM – MARGORP TSAFKAERB DEEN EREVES .D tsafkaerb eht fo weiver eht etaitnatsbus ot raey gnidecerp dnoces eht rof stnuoc laem otni detaroprocni si margorp yfirev dna )s(noitacilppA etiS SPINC eht no detroper rebmun deriuqer dna weiver ERC eht deeN ereveS ,J TNEMHCATTA ot refeR .etapicitrap ot ytilibigile .weiver pu-wollof a ni mroF noitacifireV margorP tsafkaerB stneduts fo erom ro %05 taht noitatnemucoD - "ETIS ELBIGILE AERA" • eht morf noitatnemucod ro "ytilibigile aera" etis fo noitatnemucoD .A eb ot etis elbigile swollA .slaem ecirp decuder ro eerf rof devorppa era dellorne .ytilibigile ecirp decuder ro eerf 'stneduts fo loohcs 9 AERA MARGORP .etar eerf eht ta desrubmier rof egrahc etarapes on gninaem ”GNICIRP-NON“ sa etarepo yam etis ehT • .setis lla ta stnuoc laem troppus ot sdrocer ecnadnettA .B KCANS LOOHCS RETFA dlihc yb yrogetac ytilibigile eht ni detnuoc era slaem tub ,skcans s’nerdlihc MARGORP "ecivres fo tnioP" .setis "elbigile aera" ta sdrocer tnuoc laem yliaD .C .yrogetac etairporppa eht ni demialc dna )diap ,ecirp decuder ,eerf( gnicirp ta )diap dna ,ecirp decuder ,eerf( ytilibigile yb stnuoc laem dna egrahc kcans a syap dlihc hcae erehw ”GNICIRP“ sa etarepo yam etis ehT • retfA( tnemelppuS laeM .setis gnicirp-non ro decuder ,eerf( yrogetac ytilibigile etairporppa eht ni detnuoc era slaem eht era smargorP )kcanS loohcS .yrogetac etairporppa eht ni demialc dna )diap dna ,ecirp margorP kcanS loohcS retfA eht rof sdroceR noitcudorP uneM .D emas eht rednu deweiver a fo stnemeriuqer teem ot devres ytitnauq dna doof etacidni hcihw loohcS eht sa snoisivorp SNF ADSU dna ,001-00 dna 111-99 BM ,)iii()4()d(61.622 RFC 7 :secnerefeR .ytitnauq etairporppa eht ni stnemele doof owt fo muminim ton fI .margorP tsafkaerB mth.sAQ_skcanS/skcanS/yciloP-sgeR/eraC/dnc/vog.adsu.snf.www//:ptth etisbew laitini eht gnirud deweiver retfa na ni erac desivrepus dna derutcurts eht fo noitatnemucoD .E deweiver eb tsum yeht ERC .ytivitca tnemhcirne/noitacude eht fo noitpircseD .gnittes loohcs a gnirud detceles setis eht ta .weiver pu-wollof 2 tsael ta detcudnoc ,gnirotinom etis margorp kcans fo sdroceR .F .shtnom 6 naht retaerg on slavretni htiw ,raey margorp rep semit K TNEMHCATTA ot refeR 5 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 26 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH YCNEGA AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT ni tcerroc si noitpo gninnalp unem eht sepyt laem dna setis lla rof taht erusnE • )OFSS( noitpO gnideeF remmuS sselmaeS eht fo ypoC .A .SPINC eht 01 AERA MARGORP .tnemeergA etatS eht ot dettimbus noitatnemucod eht fo seipoc ,setis elbigile aerA roF • :taht tnemucod ot ycnegA REMMUS SSELMAES dna eerf rof atad loohcs ybraen esohw saera ni detacol era setiS :setis nepO o eht rednu ton setis rof tnemeerg A .y c e n c e iv g r a e S e h d t o f o o F n e o t i i s S iv /y re c p n u e s g A tc e e h ri T d .B )OFSS( NOITPO GNIDEEF .%05 tsael ta era ecirp decuder tub ,evoba denialpxe ,airetirc etis nepo eht teem setiS :setis nepo detcirtseR o aerA toN - dellornE desolC dna spmaC rof stnemucod ytilibigilE .C si OFSS eht fo weiver A ytiruces ro lortnoc ,ytefas rof dnetta yam taht nerdlihc fo rebmun eht tcirtser ERC eht otni detaroprocni :setis elbigilE .snosaer tsum etis OFSS enO .weiver gnidrocca seilimaf tnargim fo nerdlihc fo ytirojam a e v .n re o s it a s z e i t n iS a g :s ro e t t i n s a t r n g a i r m g i o M t o rof det c e e lb le ig s i l s e e d ti n s a O d F e S ll S or n e e h t n r e o r f d s li r h e c ts f o o r r d e n b a m s u n n o l i a ta to c t il p e p h A T • • re t r f e a m re m m u m s e u h s t e d h e t w ro e i e v r e o r f e e b b era tub airetirc etis nepo eht teem setiS :setis elbigilE aerA - dellornE desolC o .weiver .ERC eht .nerdlihc fo puorg deifitnedi na ro nerdlihc dellorne ot nepo ylno etad ;yrogetac ytilibigile ;eman s’tneduts gniwohs )s(retsoR o si etis eno naht erom fI( ni eb dluohs stneduts elbigile lla gnitsil retsor hcaE :sretsor dna snoitacilppA • fi ,erutangis laiciffo dna ;etad lawardhtiw ;dellorne loohcs eht gnirud deweiver fi ,noisses dna etis yb dezinagro snoitacilppa ytilibigile eht sa redro emas eht .elbacilppa eht ,tcirtsid ruoy ni raey .elbacilppa evitanretla devorppa rehto ro smrof ytilibigile deifitreC o gnideeF remmuS sselmaeS .ytilibigile s’nerdlihc gniyfirev noitatnemucod eno eht eb lliw etis noitpO ecivreS dooF remmuS dna 522 RFC 7 ,022 RFC 7 ,012 RFC 7 :secnerefeR tnerruc eht rof elacs ytilibigile emocnI o eht gnirud deweiver etis .srosnopS rof ecnadiuG evitartsinimdA ,nerdlihC rof margorP dna yad eht rof sdrocer noitcudorp unem dna sunem detsil yliaD .D ).remmus ro stnenopmoc dna smeti doof deriuqer lla gnitsil weiver fo htnom .noitaraperp doof ni desu ytitnauq dna sezis gnivres ,smeti unem yllaitnetop fo erutarepmet dna emit gnidulcni ,sdrocer tropsnarT .E .weiver fo htnom dna yad rof ,sdoof suodrazah detroper slatot tnuoc laem ylhtnom dna sdrocer tnuoc laem yliaD .F .OFSS eht fo shtnom eht rof etis yb yletarapes etis rof( weiver fo yad eht ot roirp syad evif rof stnuoc laem yliaD .G .)weiver rof detceles fo trats eht fo skeew eerht nihtiw OFSS eht fo gnirotinom etiS .H evitcerroc dna tisiv etis fo noitatnemucod gnidulcni noitarepo .L TNEMHCATTA ot refeR .noitca .slaem remmus gnitomorp slairetam gnisitrevda fo seipoC .I eht taht noitatnemucod edivorP .mialC tnemesrubmieR detelpmoC .J PBS eht dna PLSN eht morf etarapes demialc erew slaem OFSS .raey loohcs eht gnirud smialc 6 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 27 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH YCNEGA AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT eht gnirud supmac no segareveb dna sdoof gnilles seititne lla ot seilppA • )VNMF( eulaV lanoitirtuN laminiM fo sdooF .A .doirep laem elbasrubmier 11 AERA MARGORP neht ,snoitpmexE fo tsiL VNMF eht no dnuof si meti egareveb ro doof fI :etoN • ton era segareveb dna sdoof VNMF taht ecalp ni erudecorP .1 .seilppa regnol on elur siht /SDOOF EVITITEPMOC erehw saera ni doirep laem elbasrubmier eht gnirud dlos DNA DOOF /VNMF netae ro/dna devres era slaem elbasrubmier B xidneppA ,11.012 straP RFC 7 ,40-10-PS :BPA ADSU :ecnerefeR SELAS EGAREVEB rof ytilibisnopser dengissa eb ,eengised ro ,ecivres doof taht stseggus EDC • (cid:153)ecivreS dooF .B .noitamrofni siht gnitcelloc ERC rof detceles etis hcae rof erudecorp siht etartsnomed ot elba eb tsuM • doof yb etrac-al-a dlos segareveb dna sdoof lla fo tsiL .1 .weiver eht retfa ruoh ½ ot erofeb ruoh ½ morf supmac no ecivres weiver rof detceles etis hcae rof yad loohcs eht fo dne segareveb dna sdoof etaulave ot ecalp ni erudecorP .2 doof yb etrac-al-a dlos sdradnats noitirtun ot gnidrocca 43494 dna ,)d(5.13494 ,)d(2.13494 ,)c(13494 CE rednu dedivorp ytirohtuA ecivres laudividni hcae ro )BSA( ydoB tnedutS detaicossA ehT taht stseggus EDC • (cid:153)snoitazinagrO tnedutS .C .noitamrofni siht gnitcelloc rof ytilibisnopser dengissa eb noitazinagro tneduts ERC rof detceles etis hcae rof erudecorp siht etartsnomed ot elba eb tsuM • segareveb dna sdoof lles taht snoitazinagro tneduts lla fo tsiL .1 .weiver margorp laem eht fo edistuo slipup ot etis hcae rof slipup ot dlos smeti egareveb dna doof fo tsiL .2 weiver ERC rof detceles ,00551 snoitces ,5 eltiT ,snoitalugeR fo edoC ainrofilaC rednu dedivorp ytirohtuA segareveb dna sdoof etaulave ot ecalp ni erudecorP .3 43494 dna 13984 CE dna 10551 dna tneduts yb dlos sdradnats noitirtun ot gnidrocca snoitazinagro rehto ro ,COR/POR ,OTP/ATP morf evitatneserper a taht stseggus EDC • (cid:153)slaudividnI/spuorG rehtO .D siht gnitcelloc rof ytilibisnopser dengissa eb ,ylevitcepser ,slaudividni/spuorg .noitamrofni eht fo edistuo slipup ot dlos segareveb dna sdoof lla fo tsiL .1 ERC rof detceles etis hcae rof erudecorp siht etartsnomed ot elba eb tsuM • noitaicossA rehcaeT tneraP yb dlos era taht margorp laem .weiver lanoigeR ,)OTP( noitazinagrO rehcaeT tneraP ,)ATP( retneC lanoitapuccO lanoigeR ,)POR( margorP lanoitapuccO evoba denoitnem ton laudividni/spuorg rehto yna ro ,)COR( segareveb dna sdoof etaulave ot ecalp ni erudecorP .2 ,ATP/OTP yb dlos sdradnats noitirtun ot gnidrocca .)d(5.13494 dna ,)d(2.13494 ,)c(13494 ,13984 CE rednu dedivorp ytirohtuA denoitnem ton slaudividni/spuorg rehto yna ro ,CPR/POR evoba ERC rof detceles etis hcae rof erudecorp siht etartsnomed ot elba eb tsuM • .weiver taF snarT .E evitceffe emaceb laem elbasrubmier eht ni doof rof snoitcirtser taf snarT • .)7.03494 CE( 8002 ,1 yluJ slipup ot devres ro dlos sdoof yberehw ecalp ni erudecorP .1 semoceb laem elbasrubmier eht fo edistuo doof rof snoitcirtser taf snarT • laicifitra smarg 5.0 < niatnoc margorp laem eht fo edistuo )7.13494 CE( 9002 ,1 yluJ evitceffe taf snart 7.13494 dna 7.03494 CE:ecnerefeR ylmodnar rof detseuqer eb yam segareveb dna sdoof esoht tuoba noitamrofni lanoitidda ,revewoH .stnemeriuqer teem sesupmac no dlos sdoof dna segareveb rehtehw etaulave ton lliw reweiver ehT(cid:153) .setis detceles 7 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 28 TINUSECIVRESDLEIF NOITACUDE FO TNEMTRAPEDAINROFILAC 0102 YRAUNAJ NOISIVIDSECIVRES NOITIRTUN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH YCNEGA AERA ECNAILPMOC NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT :secnerefeR :saera cipot 5 lla sedulcni taht yciloP ssenlleW .A ,noitaicossA sdraoB loohcS ainrofilaC • 21 AERA MARGORP xpsa.ssenlleWtnedutS/noitadnuoFABSC/ABSCtuobA/gro.absc.www//:ptth ecivres doof loohcs ,stneduts ,stnerap fo tnemevlovnI .1 ecivreS dooF loohcS eht dna stnednetnirepuS tcirtsiD dna ytnuoC eht ot retteL • dna srotartsinimda loohcs ,draob loohcs ,sevitatneserper YCILOP SSENLLEW fo tnempoleveD eht rof ecnadiug ,5002 ,41 rebmeceD detad srotceriD .ycilop ssenllew loohcs eht fo tnempoleved eht ni ytinummoc gro.sdikyhtlaehainrofilac.www//:ptth seiciloP ssenlleW loohcS ainrofilaC rehto dna ,ytivitca lacisyhp ,noitacude noitirtun rof slaoG .2 /gro.noitirtunloohcs.www//:ptth )ASFSA ylremrof( noitaicossA noitirtuN loohcS • tneduts etomorp ot dengised seitivitca desab-loohcs vog.adsu.noitirtunmaet.www//:ptth ,etis bew noitirtuN maeT ADSU • .ssenllew loohcs hcae no elbaliava doof lla rof senilediug noitirtuN .3 .yad loohcs eht gnirud supmac eb ton lliw slaem elbasrubmier rof senilediug taht ecnarussA .4 deussi ecnadiug dna snoitaluger laredef naht evitcirtser ssel .ADSU eht yb lacol eht fo noitatnemelpmi eht gnirusaem rof nalp A .5 ni snosrep erom ro eno fo noitangised dna ycilop ssenllew noitatnemelpmi eht eesrevo ot loohcs hcae ta ro tcirtsid eht .ycilop ssenllew detpoda eht fo loohcs lla nihtiw weiv cilbup ni detsop ycilop ssenllew ehT .B .saera gnitae lartnec rehto ro sairetefac 9002 ,1 yraunaJ evitceffe ,007,67$:dlohserht diB • dna eunever sedulcni hcihw mialc tnemesrubmier enuJ roirP .A .sesnepxe 31 AERA MARGORP sdnuF airetefaC fo esU( 901-00 ,)sdnuF airetefaC fo esU( 701-59 BM:secnerefeR PNS DSN BM ,)srefsnarT dnuF no snoitatimiL( 8002-70 PNS DSN BM,)etadpU taht raey roirp morf troper rotidua tcirtsid loohcs tnednepednI .B TNEMEGANAM LAICNANIF etisbew dlohserht dib tnemerucorP dna ,)sQAF sdnuF airetefaC( 9002-50 .secruoser hsac ten swohs /oc/ca/gf/vog.ac.edc.www//:ptth tegduB .C dnuF euneveR laicepS airetefaC( slautcA detiduanU .1 eht edulcni ot )31 dnuF rof tropeR tcejbO yB serutidnepxE .seunever dna sesnepxe detiduanu rof tegdub raey roirp .tegdub raey tnerruc desoporP .2 lla wohs ot 31 dnuF rof troper ytivitca laicnanif htnom roirP .D .dnuf airetefac eht morf diap sesnepxe gnidulcni ,31 dnuF rof htnom roirp rof noitubirtsid robal lloryaP .E .tnuocca airetefac eht morf diap egatnecrep dna seman 8 egaP 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA troffE weiveR detanidrooC 29 PLSN ECNADIUG WEIVER )IMS( EVITAITINI SLAEM LOOHCS )ecnadiuG weiveR evitartsinimdA ERC PLSN eht ni dnuof eb nac weiver fo saera rehto lla( ecnadiug siht ni dedulcni era IMS ot detaler saera ylnO :ETON )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT laem hcae dna etis hcae rof snoitpo gninnalp unem eht erusnE detcudnoc si ERC eht fI .SPINC eht ni detats yltcerroc era epyt fo eno sa detceles eb yam )s(etis IMS eht ,emit emas eht ta .)s(etis ERC eht tcirtsid eht yb desu gninnalp unem fo epyt hcae rof etis enO .detceles eb lliw NOITCELES ETIS :sedulcni airetirc noitceles etiS tseuqer rotceriD ecivreS dooF • snehctik noitcudorp ro etilletaS • elpitlum ;senil gnivres xelpmoc ;ffats wen evah taht setiS • ;segnahc laem yhtlaeh edam ;xim edarg ;seciohc unem .deweiver ylsuoiverp neeb ton ;sunem elcyc tnereffid .puorg edarg/ega rep ezis noitrop htiw yad eht rof uneM .1 eht yb dedivorp eb ot smeti detsil eht eriuqer lliw )s(reweiveR .ffats etis ro rotcerid ecivres doof .yad eht rof sisylana tneirtun/sdrocer noitcudorp uneM .2 TISIV ETIS-NO noitaraperp laem fo snoitavresbo edulcni lliw tisiv etis-no ehT esoht devres smeti rof noitamrofni tcudorp dessecorp dna sepicer dezidradnatS .3 .ecivres dna .yad ,nerdlihc rof selytsefil yhtlaeh etomorp ot noitacude noitirtun yna fo selpmaS .1 .stnerap ro ffats loohcs .scipot detaler ro IMS no ffats secivres doof rof gniniarT .2 .slairetam ro seitivitca noitirtuN maeT .3 detargetni scipot noitirtun edulcni yam osla noitacudE noitirtuN .slairetam ro seitivitca ainrofilaC EPAHS .4 ni ro sunem no erusolcsid noitirtun ,mulucirruc eht otni NOITACUDE NOITIRTUN .ycilop noitirtun lacol dna ,srettelswen .slairetam ro seitivitca tcejorP nedraG .5 .senilediuG yrateiD eht dna dimaryP ediuG dooF eht fo syalpsiD .6 .snoitomorp esicrexe lacisyhp/noitacude noitirtun htiw skcils uneM .7 .snoitazinagro tnerap dna ,remraf ,ytinummoc ,sdraob loohcs gnidulcni hcaertuO .8 SECNEREFER :smynorcA fo dnegeL snoitalugeR laredeF fo edoC 7 eltiT = RFC 7 launaM gniniarT slaeM loohcS yhtlaeH .1 troffE weiveR detanidrooC = ERC sehcaorppA gninnalP uneM 8.022 dna 01.012 traP RFC 7 .2 edoC noitacudE ainrofilaC = CE :snitelluB tnemeganaM .3 ecivreS noitirtuN dna dooF = SNF sepiceR ytitnauQ ADSU fo sisylanA lanoitirtuN 311-69 • nitelluB tnemeganaM = BM stnemeriuqeR daerB/niarG 701-79 • noisiviD secivreS noitirtuN = DSN sehcaorppA gninnalP uneM – eluR laniF fo yrammuS 311-00 • margorP hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN = PLSN 7002 lirpA ,snoitseuQ deksA yltneuqerF IMS SNF ADSU .4 noitacudE ni srentraP sa htlaeH gnipahS = EPAHS launaM evitartsinimdA smargorP noitirtuN loohcS .5 erutlucirgA fo stnemtrapeD setatS detinU = ADSU 30 tinU secivreS dleiF noitacudE fo tnemtrapeD ainrofilaC 0102 yraunaJ noisiviD secivreS noitirtuN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT fI .weiver fo keew dna htnom eht tceles lliw reweiveR ehT • dna meti unem fo epyt gnitsil weiver fo yad dna doireP weiveR eht rof SUNEM .1 eb yam htnom weiver eht ,ERC a gnirud detcudnoc .puorg edarg hcae rof ezis noitrop .weiver IMS eht rof tnereffid ,desu doof fo ytitnauq dna epyt edulcni tsum sdroceR • eno naht erom niatnoc taht smeti rof )etis hcae rof( SEPICER DEZIDRADNATS .2 fo htnom eht rof ezis noitrop dna ,devres snosrep rebmun dezidradnatS .A tnemhcattA ,mrof epicer dezidradnats elpmas eeS .tneidergni .weiver :edulcni tsum epicer owt" eht wollof tsum smeti unem fo snoitutitsbus ynA • epicer fo emaN )a )sgnivres fo rebmun dna ezis gnivres edulcni( dleiY )b .detnemucod ylraelc eb dna ""wodniw keew hsid edis ro eértne .e.i meti unem fo epyt fo noitatnemucoD )c eht ni devres era smeti unem dennalp lla taht erusnI • purys thgil dna ,nezorf ,hserf sa hcus ,epyt dna stneidergni llA )d .ezis kcap ro/dna sthgiew ,serusaem tcerroC )e dezylana smeti unem eht ot dnopserroc hcihw snoitrop DRADNATS TNEIRTUN snoitcurtsni noitaraperP )f GNINNALP UNEM epicer eht fo sisylana tneirtuN )g si stcudorp lla rof noitamrofni tneirtun eht taht erusnI • :SEHCAORPPA .tnerruc teehskrow tsil tcudorp rodnev elpmas eeS( SDOOF DESSECORP FO TSIL .3 )B tnemhcattA DRADNATS TNEIRTUN rof elbaliava eb tsum keew hcae rof sesylana lanoitirtuN • GNINNALP UNEM repap sa ro selif retupmoc sa derots eb yam yehT .weiver eht morf rebmun edoc dna ,eman tcudorp ,rerutcafunam yb ecnerefeR )a )PMSN( stuotnirp esabataD ADSU dekcol ,nietorP ,seirolaC rof slevel tneirtun gnitnemucod lebal noitamrofni noitirtuN )b TNEIRTUN EPAHS tnerruc tsom dna epyt eht fo noitatnemucod edivorP • .taF detarutaS dna taF morf seirolaC fo % ,muiclaC ,norI ,C dna A nimatiV UNEM DRADNATS erawtfos sisylana tneirtun devorppa ADSU fo noisrev GNINNALP .desu gnieb :edulcni taht setis lla rof SDROCER TROPSNART ro/dna NOITCUDORP UNEM .4 )PMSNS( eb osla lliw slevel muidos dna ,rebif ,loretselohC • .puorg edarg yb ,devres rebmun dna dennap slaem fo rebmuN )a eb lliw noitamrofni dna suneM .detaulave ,stnemeriuqer ylkeew dna yliad eht teem ot desu smeti unem dennalp llA )b dna tsafkaerb htob rof dedeen .stnemidnoc gnidulcni hcnul :ecnerefeR .meti doof hcae rof puorg edarg yb ezis gnivreS )c ADSU eht ot og erawtfos devorppa fo tsil tnerruc tsom eht roF .puorg edarg yb stneduts fo rebmun eht rof deraperp doof fo tnuoma latoT )d :etisbew noitirtuN maeT metsyS ecruoseR slaeM yhtlaeH .devres stluda dna stneduts fo rebmun lautcA )e c_ofni?php.xedni/yalpsid_lan/vog.adsu.lan.slaemyhtlaeh//:ptth .devres dna dennalp slaem tluda dna etrac al A )f 432=tcejbus_xat&1=level_xat&41=retne .setad dna stsil noitutitsbus ,sdrocer egasu revotfeL )g keew hcae rof SESYLANA LANOITIRTUN YLIAD DNA YLKEEW EGAREVA .5 lla gniteem rof noitamrofni gnidulcni puorg ega ro edarg yb devres era slaem ,muiclac ,nori ,C dna A snimativ ,nietorp ,seirolac ,.e.i ,sdradnats noitirtun deriuqer .taf detarutas dna ,taf latot motsuc yna gnidulcni desu SDRADNATS EDARG/EGA FO TUOTNIRP .6 .sdradnats .DSN ot dettimbus stnemucod pukcab dna unem elcyc laitinI .1 .DSN eht yb unem elcyc laitini eht fo rettel lavorppA .2 TNEIRTUN DETSISSA :ecnerefeR UNEM DRADNATS gninnalP uneM dradnatS tneirtuN detsissA 111-69 BM .tnatlusnoc eht fo snoitacifilauq dna ,tcartnoc ,sserdda ,emaN .3 GNINNALP )PMSNA( ycnega/loohcs eht ta weiver rof elbaliava eb tsum PMSN rof deriuqer smeti llA .4 .)PMSN rof noitces suoiverp ees( 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitaitinI slaeM loohcS 31 tinU secivreS dleiF noitacudE fo tnemtrapeD ainrofilaC 0102 yraunaJ noisiviD secivreS noitirtuN )3( )2( )1( )4( )√( YCNEGA ESEHT EVAH DLUOHS YCNEGA EHT AERA NOITAMROFNI LANOITIDDA TSILKCEHC ELBALIAVA STNEMUCOD DEWEIVER EB OT fI .weiver fo keew dna htnom eht tceles lliw reweiver ehT • ezis noitrop/stnenopmoc gnitsil weiver fo yad dna doireP weiveR eht rof SUNEM .1 eb yam htnom weiver eht ,ERC a gnirud detcudnoc .puorg edarg hcae rof .weiver IMS eht rof tnereffid eno naht erom niatnoc taht smeti rof )etis hcae rof( SEPICER DEZIDRADNATS .2 dna sisylana lanoitirtun a etelpmoc lliw ycnega etats ehT • dezidradnatS .A tnemhcattA ,mrof epicer dezidradnats elpmas eeS .tneidergni .slaem eht fo ytilauq eht evorpmi ot ecnatsissa evig : :edulcni tsum epicer etelpmoc ot deriuqer era )2( nmuloc ni detsil stnemucoD • epicer fo emaN )a .sisylana unem fo keew a )sgnivres fo rebmun dna ezis gnivres edulcni( dleiY )b ).ctE .purys thgil ,nezorf ,hserf( mrof eht - stneidergni llA )c weiver eht fo ecnavda ni detseuqer eb yam stnemucoD • sthgiew ,serusaem tcerroC )d UNEM DESAB DOOF roirp detcudnoc eb yam sisylana tneirtun eht taht os etad snoitcurtsni noitaraperP )e )PMBF( GNINNALP .weiver eht ot nrettap laem eht ot noitubirtnoC )f :SEHCAORPPA ,desu saw erawtfos devorppa ADSU hcihw fo tnemucoD • ,teehskrow tsil tcudorp rodnev elpmas eeS( SDOOF DESSECORP FO TSIL .7 DECNAHNE .elbacilppa fi )B tnemhcattA )PMBFE( lanoitirtun eht etelpmoc ot degaruocne era stcirtsiD :ETON )lebal NC( lebaL noitirtuN dlihC ro snoitacificeps s’rerutcafunaM )a LANOITIDART .sunem dna sepicer fo sisylana ,nietorP ,seirolaC rof slevel tneirtun gnitnemucod lebal noitamrofni noitirtuN )b )PMBFT( .taF detarutaS dna taF morf seirolaC fo % ,muiclaC ,norI ,C dna A snimatiV :ecnerefeR PMBF EPAHS ADSU eht ot og erawtfos devorppa fo tsil tnerruc tsom eht roF :edulcni taht setis lla rof SDROCER TROPSNART ro/dna NOITCUDORP UNEM .3 :etisbew noitirtuN maeT metsyS ecruoseR slaeM yhtlaeH eb lliw noitamrofni dna suneM c_ofni?php.xedni/yalpsid_lan/vog.adsu.lan.slaemyhtlaeh//:ptth puorg edarg yb ,devres rebmun dna dennalp slaem fo rebmuN )a dna tsafkaerb htob rof dedeen 432=tcejbus_xat&1=level_xat&41=retne ,stnemidnoc ,nrettap laem deriuqer eht teem ot desu smeti unem dennalp llA )b hcnul stressed elbatiderc-non dna meti doof hcae rof puorg edarg yb ezis gnivreS )c puorg edarg yb stneduts fo rebmun eht rof deraperp doof fo tnuoma latoT )d devres stluda dna stneduts fo rebmun lautcA )e devres dna dennalp slaem tluda dna etrac al A )f setad dna stsil noitutitsbus ,sdrocer egasu revotfeL )g neeb sah eno fi weiver fo yad dna doirep weiver eht rof sisylana tneirtun fo ypoC .4 gnisu stcirtsid rof deriuqer ton si sunem fo sisylanA .tcirtsid eht yb detcudnoc .sehcaorppa PMBF 90-8002 ecnadiuG weiveR evitaitinI slaeM loohcS 32 tinU secivreS dleiF noitacudE fo tnemtrapeD ainrofilaC 9002 yraunaJ noisiviD secivreS noitirtuN A TNEMHCATTA MROF EPICER DEZIDRADNATS ).CTE ,SEVAOL/SNOLLAG/SNAP FO #( :DLEIY :ELTITEPICER :REBMUNEPICER :NEVODRADNATS :ERUTAREPMET :EPICERREP SNOITROP :EZISNOITROP :NEVO NOITCEVNOC :ERUTAREPMET :DEDEEN TNEMPIUQE :RENRUB/POT EGNAR :ERUTAREPMET SNOITCERID SGNIVRES ROF SGNIVRES 001 STNEIDERGNI ERUSAEM THGIEW ERUSAEM THGIEW :NRETTAP LAEM OT NOITUBIRTNOC SISYLANA LANOITIRTUN AM/M ETANRETLA TAEM/ TAEM NIMATIV NIMATIV -SELOHC SNART DETARUTAS -OBRAC MUICLAC NORI MUIDOS TAF REBIF NIETORP SEIROLAC C A LORET TAF TAF ETARDYH SPUC TIURF/ELBATEGEV B/G DAERB /NIARG 33 tinU secivreS dleiF noitacudE fo tnemtrapeD ainrofilaC 9002 yraunaJ noisiviD secivreS noitirtuN B TNEMHCATTA TEEHSKROW TSIL TCUDORP RODNEV ?SISYLANA OT NOITUBIRTNOC RERUTCAFUNAM # EDOC EZIS GNIVRES DOOF )oN/seY( NRETTAP LAEM