San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools – Hope Academy Charter School Report

San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools Extraordinary Audit of the Hope Academy Charter School May 2, 2016 Joel D. Montero Chief Executive Officer May 2, 2016 Ted Alejandre, Superintendent San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools 601 North E Street San Bernardino, CA 92415 Dear Superintendent Alejandre: A study agreement between the Fiscal Crisis and Management Assistance Team (FCMAT) and the San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools to provide an Assembly Bill 139 extraordinary audit of the Hope Academy Charter School was signed on January 7, 2016. Specifically, the agreement states that FCMAT will perform the following: Assign professionals to conduct an extraordinary audit on behalf of the Morongo Unified School District/Hope Academy Charter School (Palm Desert). 1. Evaluate policies, procedures, internal controls for procurement practices performed by the charter school. Evaluation of Policies and Procedures: a. Determine whether the charter’s petition, memorandum of understanding, charter school bylaws or other policies and administrative regulations exist that include language pertaining to conflicts of interest pursuant to Government Code Section 1090. b. Identify documented positions with responsibility for initiating, reviewing, approving, and reconciling procurement activities. c. Review financial processes related to key purchasing activities including procurement authorization and vendor payments. Evaluation of Internal Controls: a. Evaluate processes for adequate separation of duties and proper authorizations and approvals. b. Evaluate monitoring procedures and verify that controls are operating prop- erly. c. Evaluate controls that prevent management from overriding internal controls to prevent misappropriation of funds. d. Determine if clearly established lines of authority and responsibility exist and are documented in organizational charts. 2. Review the charter’s policy on conflict of interest and the requirements under the Fair Political Practices Commission related to the disclosure of certain financial interests and sources of income to the public. Identify whether any actions by the superintendent/ executive director resulted in a personal or financial benefit to the director. 3. Conduct sample tests of transactions specific to the allegations for the 2015-16 fiscal year and one prior fiscal year. Testing of sampled transactions for this review will be based on the team’s judgment and experience and may not include the testing of all transactions and records for this period. Transaction Testing Objectives: a. Determine whether transactions were conducted in accordance with estab- lished policy and procedures. b. Determine if expenditures made by the charter school are for legitimate educational purposes and in accordance with approved contracts. c. Determine whether the charter school engaged in related-party transactions and if those transactions were conducted in accordance with established policy and procedures and were transparent in nature. This report includes the study team’s findings and recommendations. FCMAT appreciates the opportunity to serve you and extends its thanks to all the staff of the San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools for their assistance during fieldwork. Sincerely, Joel D. Montero Chief Executive Officer i TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents About FCMAT .........................................................................................iii Introduction ............................................................................................1 Background .............................................................................................5 Scope and Procedures .........................................................................5 Findings and Recommendations .....................................................9 Occupational Fraud ......................................................................................................9 Internal Control Elements ..........................................................................................9 Conflict of Interest ......................................................................................................11 Political Reform Act – Disclosure, Conflicts of Interest and Enforcement .....11 Government Code 1090 – Financial Interest of Public Officials, Officers and Employees ........................................................................................13 California Corporation Code Section 5233 .......................................................13 Related-Party Transactions, Significant Influence and Self-Dealing ........14 Irregular Purchase and Sale of Motor Home ....................................................19 Misleading Reporting of Expenses – SB 740 ................................................19 Federal Form 990 ........................................................................................................21 Bonuses and Stipends Paid to Administrator, Spouse and Other Employees.....................................................................................................................21 Questionable Legal Professional Services .........................................................25 Audit Findings .............................................................................................................25 Hope Academy Charter School Summary of Related and Irregular Transactions ................................................................................................................27 Subsequent Events ..................................................................................................29 Prevention and Detection ....................................................................................29 Recommendation .....................................................................................................30 Appendices ............................................................................................31 San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS ii Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM iii ABOUT FCMAT About FCMAT FCMAT’s primary mission is to assist California’s local K-14 educational agencies to identify, prevent, and resolve financial, human resources and data management challenges. FCMAT provides fiscal and data management assistance, professional development training, product development and other related school business and data services. FCMAT’s fiscal and manage- ment assistance services are used not just to help avert fiscal crisis, but to promote sound financial practices, support the training and development of chief business officials and help to create efficient organizational operations. FCMAT’s data management services are used to help local educational agencies (LEAs) meet state reporting responsibilities, improve data quality, and inform instructional program decisions. FCMAT may be requested to provide fiscal crisis or management assistance by a school district, charter school, community college, county office of education, the state Superintendent of Public Instruction, or the Legislature. When a request or assignment is received, FCMAT assembles a study team that works closely with the LEA to define the scope of work, conduct on-site fieldwork and provide a written report with findings and recommendations to help resolve issues, overcome challenges and plan for the future. FCMAT has continued to make adjustments in the types of support provided based on the changing dynamics of K-14 LEAs and the implementation of major educational reforms. Studies by Fiscal Year 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 10/11 11/12 12/13 13/14 14/15 San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS seidutS fo rebmuN FCMAT also develops and provides numerous publications, software tools, workshops and professional development opportunities to help LEAs operate more effectively and fulfill their fiscal oversight and data management responsibilities. The California School Information Services (CSIS) division of FCMAT assists the California Department of Education with the implementation of the California Longitudinal Pupil Achievement Data System (CALPADS) and also maintains DataGate, the FCMAT/CSIS software LEAs use for CSIS services. FCMAT was created by Assembly Bill (AB) 1200 in 1992 to assist LEAs to meet and sustain their financial obligations. AB 107 in 1997 charged FCMAT with responsibility for CSIS and its statewide data management work. AB 1115 in 1999 codified CSIS’ mission. iv ABOUT FCMAT AB 1200 is also a statewide plan for county offices of education and school districts to work together locally to improve fiscal procedures and accountability standards. AB 2756 (2004) provides specific responsibilities to FCMAT with regard to districts that have received emergency state loans. In January 2006, Senate Bill 430 (charter schools) and AB 1366 (community colleges) became law and expanded FCMAT’s services to those types of LEAs. Since 1992, FCMAT has been engaged to perform more than 1,000 reviews for LEAs, including school districts, county offices of education, charter schools and community colleges. The Kern County Superintendent of Schools is the administrative agent for FCMAT. The team is led by Joel D. Montero, Chief Executive Officer, with funding derived through appropriations in the state budget and a modest fee schedule for charges to requesting agencies. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction In December 2015, the Fiscal Crisis and Management Assistance Team (FCMAT) received a request from the San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools for an Assembly Bill (AB) 139 extraordinary audit of the Hope Academy Charter School. The county office had received allegations of multiple fiscal irregularities, questionable expenditures and inappropriate relat- ed-party transactions at the charter school. Concerned that these allegations may have violated various government and education codes related to fraud and/or misappropriation of assets, the county superintendent initiated an investigation to determine whether sufficient evidence of criminal activity exists to report the matter to the local district attorney’s office for further inves- tigation. Under the provisions of Education Code (EC) section 1241.5, FCMAT entered into a contract with the county office to conduct an AB 139 extraordinary audit. Study Guidelines FCMAT provides a variety of services to school districts and county offices of education upon request. Education Code Section 1241.5(b) (c) permits a county superintendent of schools to review or audit the expenditures and internal controls of any school district or charter school in that county if he or she has reason to believe that fraud, misappropriation of funds, or other illegal fiscal practices have occurred that merit examination. According to the Education Code, the review or audit conducted by the county superintendent will focus on the alleged fraud, misappropriation of funds, or other illegal fiscal practices and is to be conducted in a timely and efficient manner. This is in accordance with Education Code Section 42638 (b), which states as follows: If the county superintendent determines that there is evidence that fraud or misappro- priation of funds has occurred, the county superintendent shall notify the governing board of the school district, the State Controller, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the local district attorney. Therefore, FCMAT focused on the allegations of misappropriation of assets, questionable contracts with third-party vendors and conflict of interest to determine whether Hope Academy Charter School and/or its personnel may have been involved in or committed fraudulent activi- ties. Audit Fieldwork Investigating allegations of fraud requires a number of steps that include interviewing potential witnesses and assembling evidence from internal and external sources. The FCMAT study team conducted initial county office interviews in February 2016 and then visited the Victorville charter school main office in March 2016 to conduct interviews, collect data and review docu- ments. Additional interviews were conducted in Los Angeles and by telephone with individuals that had significant knowledge of financial transactions and/or audited records of the school. Specifically, FCMAT reviewed, analyzed and tested records that included audited financial statements, financial records, support documentation, lease documents, board meeting minutes, the charter petitions and other documentation from independent third party sources. The review also included interviews with the current and former superintendent/executive director, key management personnel, business office staff, current and former charter school employees, San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 2 INTRODUCTION the back-office provider, representatives from the California Department of Education-Charter Schools Division, representatives from the El Dorado County Special Education Local Plan Area (SELPA), and the 2014-15 independent auditor to evaluate information concerning any alleged mismanagement, fraud, or abuse. The fieldwork focused on determining whether there is sufficient information to ascertain fraud, the misappropriation of funds and/or conflict of interest. Because of the allegations, the FCMAT team focused on related-party transactions, self-dealing through privately owned company trans- actions of management and key employees particularly the former superintendent/director of the charter school, his immediate relatives and breach of fiduciary duty. Although there are many different types of fraud, a conflict of interest and breach of fiduciary duty exists when officers or employees of the organization have a personal financial interest in a contract or transaction and is considered to be a form of misappropriation of assets. All fraud has common elements including the following: • Knowingly making an untrue representation or a false claim of a material fact • Intent to deceive, or concealment of the act • Reliance on untrue information • Damages or a loss of money or property This report is the result of that investigation and is divided into the following sections: I. Introduction II. Background III. Scope and Procedures IV. Findings and Recommendations • Occupational Fraud • Internal Control Elements • Conflict of Interest • Political Reform Act – Disclosure, Conflicts of Interest and Enforcement • Government Code 1090 – Financial Interest of Public Officials, Officers and Employees • California Corporations Code Section 5233 • Related-Party Transactions, Significant Influence, and Self-Dealing • Irregular Purchase and Sale of Motor Home • Misleading Reporting of Expenses– SB 740 • Federal Form 990 • Bonuses and Stipends Paid to Administrator, Spouse and Other Employees • Questionable Legal Professional Services • Audit Findings • Hope Academy Charter School Summary of Related and Irregular Transactions Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 3 INTRODUCTION • Subsequent Events • Prevention and Detection • Recommendation V. Appendices Study Team The FCMAT study team was composed of the following members: Deborah Deal, CICA, CFE, CBO* Colleen Patterson Azusa Unified School District FCMAT Consultant Los Angeles, California San Clemente, CA Leonel Martínez FCMAT Technical Writer Bakersfield, CA *As a member of this study team, this consultant was not representing her respective employer but was working solely as an independent contractor for FCMAT. Each team member reviewed the draft report to confirm accuracy and achieve consensus on the final recommendations. In writing its reports, FCMAT uses the Associated Press Stylebook, a comprehensive guide to usage and accepted style that emphasizes conciseness and clarity. In addition, this guide empha- sizes plain language, discourages the use of jargon and capitalizes relatively few terms. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 4 INTRODUCTION Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 5 BACKGROUND Background Hope Academy, Inc. was incorporated on April 6, 2011 and granted status as a nonprofit public benefit corporation, a 501 (c)(3) in the state of California, on December 3, 2014. The Morongo Unified School District approved the charter’s petition for five years starting July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2016 to operate as a nonclassroom-based charter school. Three district teachers who wanted to start a program for underserved at-risk students in the Yucca Valley region originated the petition. Two of the original founders resigned from the charter school before 2014. The academy was approved to serve students in the Morongo Basin according to its petition, which states the following: Before going forward with any proposed expansion for a new independent study resource center outside the District’s boundaries, there will be open communication between the District, Hope Academy, and the district in question. Over time, Hope Academy expanded operations in several adjacent counties and districts located in San Bernardino, Kern and Riverside counties without the district’s express permission or knowledge. Hope Academy commenced operations during the 2011-12 fiscal year. The first resource center was opened in Yucca Valley in August 2011. The academy has several resource centers, supporting the Structured Time Enrichment Program (STEP) for students in transitional kindergarten through eighth grade, operating from 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. daily and independent study programs for students in grades kindergarten through 12 in several counties. Resource centers are located in Beaumont, Bloomington, Indio, Palm Desert and Victorville (opened in fiscal year 2013-14), Apple Valley, Big Bear, Bakersfield and Tehachapi (opened in fiscal year 2014-15.) The Apple Valley resource center closed during the current fiscal year. On November 23, 2015, the Morongo Unified School District superintendent wrote a letter to the superintendent of the San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools expressing concerns regarding conflict of interest. The concern focused on the involvement of the former superinten- dent/executive director of Hope Academy serving as a majority owner in SavantCo Education, the charter school’s back-office service provider. A review of the master services agreement with the academy indicates that SavantCo Education was to perform finance and accounting: payroll; business consulting; board meeting support; attendance and student information systems; charter development; grant administration; and financing support. Based on these concerns, the county office evaluated the preliminary investigation conducted by the district. Upon review of the allegations, the county office requested the Fiscal Crisis and Management Assistance Team (FCMAT) in December 2015 to provide for the assignment of professionals to study specific aspects of alleged fraud, misappropriation of funds and possible criminal activity in the Hope Academy Charter School organization. Scope and Procedures The fraud investigation consisted of gathering adequate information on specific allegations, estab- lishing an audit plan, and performing various audit test procedures to determine whether fraud may have occurred, and if so, evaluate the loss, determine who was involved, and determine how it occurred. During interviews, FCMAT study team members asked questions pertaining to levels of authority to enter into contracts, governing board oversight, financial management internal San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 6 SCOPE AND PROCEDURES controls, job duties and responsibilities, and questions related specifically to the related-party transactions between the former founder superintendent/executive director and companies he initiated, managed and/or controlled, amounts paid to the founder’s companies for back-office financial work, technology, and the questionable purchase of a motor home from relatives. The FCMAT study team also asked questions about bonuses paid between January 2014 and June 2015 were distributed to the founder, his spouse and his mother. Other questionable expenditures were revealed during fieldwork and included the amounts paid for back-office services and other services to the founder’s company before board approval and at the same time that another back-office provider was under contract. The primary focus of this review is to determine and report to the county office of education and the charter school whether there are reasonable assurances, based on testing, that adequate management controls are in place for the charter’s reporting and monitoring of financial transac- tions, and whether fraud, misappropriation of funds or other illegal activities may have occurred. Management controls include the processes for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling program operations, including systems for measuring, reporting, and monitoring performance. The FCMAT study team utilized fraud risk assessment checklists for conflict of interest and management/key employees in addition to conducting sample tests of financial transactions, other data and contracts to determine if fraud, misappropriation of funds or other illegal activi- ties may have occurred. Testing for this review is based on sample selection and does not include the testing of the complete list of all transactions and records for this period. Sample testing and review results are intended to provide reasonable, but not absolute assurance as to the accuracy of the charter school’s transactions and financial activity. To accomplish this audit’s objectives, a number of audit test procedures were developed to provide an in-depth analysis and understanding of the allegations and potential outcomes. The team had access to the general ledger records, including supporting documentation provided by school personnel and the back-office provider. Supporting documentation for many transactions was reportedly missing, including the documents for credit card transactions, construction contracts, and several expenditure transactions. FCMAT specifically performed audit tests related general ledger transactions, payroll records, credit card transactions, check disbursements, construction expenditures, rent/facility lease agreements and federal forms W2, 990 and 1099 including the following: • Review the charter school’s petition documents and assurances. • Review the governing board meeting minutes from July 2014 through February 2016. • Review charter board policies for purchasing, contracting and conflict of interest. • Analyze the charter school’s compliance with laws and regulations relating to conflict of interest and the Political Reform Act and review of Forms 700. • Review the charter school’s internal control processes and procedures to determine possible weaknesses in prevention and detection of fraud, misappropriation and/or criminal activity. • Review the general ledger records from July 2014-December 2015 for the charter school. • Review payroll records from July 2014 through December 2015, including calendar year-to-date information. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 7 SCOPE AND PROCEDURES • Review of proper authorization and available supporting documentation for lease agreements, contracts and inter-company transactions. • Review credit card transactions and payments. • Analysis of supporting documentation for credit card transactions. • Review Federal Forms: W2, 990, and 1099 over the audit period. • Review 2012-15 independent financial audit. • Review Senate Bill (SB 740) nonclassroom-based funding certifications. • Review School Accountability Report Card data from 2013-14 and 2014-15. • Review SELPA maintenance-of-effort calculation. • Review the charter school’s fiscal policies and procedures. The following findings and recommendations are the result of the audit procedures and review performed. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 8 SCOPE AND PROCEDURES Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 9 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Findings and Recommendations Occupational Fraud An organization’s owners, executives, managers or employees may commit occupational fraud, which has three primary classifications: schemes related to asset misappropriation, corruption, and financial statements. Asset misappropriation frauds include cash skimming, falsifying expense reports and/or forging company checks. Corruption schemes involve an employee(s) using his or her influence in busi- ness transactions to obtain a personal benefit that violates that employee’s duty to the employer or the organization; conflicts of interest fall into this category. Financial statement fraud includes the intentional misstatement or omission of material information in the financial reports. Occupational fraud is one of the most difficult types of fraud and abuse to detect; however, the most common method of detection is receiving tips by telephone, email or online forms accounting for three times the number of any other fraud prevention method for this type of scheme, and for 39.1% of detection methods overall. According to the 2016 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, Inc., corruption schemes accounted for 35.4% of all occupational fraud cases reported with a median loss of $200,000. Based on this study, the perpetrator’s position and authority in the organization have a direct correlation with the losses incurred. Approximately 40.9% of fraudsters were employees; 36.8% were managers; 3.4% other categories, and 18.9% were owner/executives. Although the second lowest percentage is from owner/executives, this group generated the largest median loss of $703,000 of the 2,410 cases reported worldwide between January 2014 and October 2015. At Hope Academy, the lack of internal controls and integral relationship between the founder superintendent/executive director and related family members particularly between the founder, his spouse and extended family and his private businesses, created an environment that allowed the essential elements of fraud to occur, including motivation and opportunity. Internal Control Elements Internal controls are the principal mechanism for preventing and/or deterring fraud or illegal acts. Illegal acts, misappropriation of assets or other fraudulent activities can include an array of irregularities characterized by intentional deception and misrepresentation of material facts. Effective internal control processes provide reasonable assurance that a charter school’s operations are effective and efficient, that the financial information produced is reliable, and that the organi- zation operates in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Internal control elements provide the framework for an effective fraud prevention program. An effective internal control structure includes the policies and procedures used by staff, adequate accounting and information systems, the work environment and the professionalism of employees. An effective internal control structure includes the five interrelated components of the control environment, fraud risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 10 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Internal Control Element Commonly referred to as “the moral tone of the organization,” the control environment in- cludes a code of ethical conduct; policies for ethics, hiring and promotion guidelines; proper Control Environment assignment of authority and responsibility; oversight by management, the board or an audit committee; investigation of reported concerns; and effective disciplinary action for violations. Identification and assessment of organization’s objectives to establish and develop a strategy to Fraud Risk Assessment react timely. The development of policies and procedures to enforce the governing board’s directives. These Control Activities include the actions by management to prevent and identify misuse of the charter school’s as- sets, including the prevention of override of controls in the system by any employee. The establishment of effective fraud communication. This includes ensuring that employees re- Information and ceive information regarding policies and opportunities to discuss ethical dilemmas. Establishing Communication clear lines of communication in an organization to report suspected violations. Ongoing monitoring that includes periodic performance assessments for fraud deterrence by Monitoring managers and employees. Examples of improper internal controls include, but are not limited to, the following: • Failure to adequately segregate the duties and responsibilities of authorization. • Failure to limit access to assets or sensitive data. • Not recording transactions, resulting in lack of accountability and the possibility of theft. • Unauthorized transactions, resulting in skimming, embezzlement or larceny. • Lack of monitoring or implementing internal controls by the governing board and management. • Collusion among employees where little or no oversight or supervision exists. A system of internal controls consists of policies and procedures designed to provide the governing board and management with reasonable assurance that the organization achieves its objectives and goals. Traditionally referred to as hard controls, these include sufficient due dili- gence by the organization to perform background and cross checks of employee Social Security numbers, bank account numbers and addresses to companies that do business with the organi- zation to prevent conflict of interest. Hard controls also include segregation of duties, limiting access to cash, board/management review and approval, and reconciliations. Other types of internal controls include soft controls such as asking employees to disclose any potential conflicts of interest without verification, management tone, performance evaluations, training programs, and maintaining established policies, procedures, ethics training and expected standards of conduct. The internal control environment is a critical component since it establishes the organization’s moral tone, commonly referred to as “the tone at the top.” This tone is an intangible internal control element that consists of the organization employees’ perception of the ethical conduct of the governing board and executive management. A strong system of internal controls that consists of all five elements can provide reasonable, but not absolute assurance that the organization will succeed in achieving its goals and objectives. The failure to establish adequate internal controls limiting the superintendent/executive director’s ability to access assets combined with a lack of accountability to the governing board created an environment for fraud and misappropriation to occur. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 11 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conflict of Interest A conflict of interest exists when an individual who has a private financial interest in the outcome of a contract or a public decision does either of the following: 1. Participates in the decision-making process 2. Influences, or attempts to influence, others making a contract or decision Statutes that govern conflicts of interest include the Political Reform Act, Government Code 1090, Government Code 87100, and Corporations Code Section 5233 for nonprofit organiza- tions. Contracts between board members or administrators (their dependents, including spouses) who make or influence contractual decisions and the charter school are prohibited by law and cannot be cured by abstention. As to all other actions, board members must abstain from decisions that materially affect their personal financial interests. A conflict of interest can still exist with subsequent action on the contract, such as authorizing payment under a contract, negotiating disputes or contract terms; therefore, the governing board member or administrator should abstain from all discussions, negotiations and/or votes related to the contract in which he or she has a personal interest. This report will demonstrate that conflict of interest exists at the academy, with charter officials participating in the decision-making process and exercising considerable influence that had major financial implications without full disclosure to the charter’s governing board. Additionally, multiple transactions involved self-dealing with the founder’s private businesses that allowed the founder and his spouse (the associate director and later acting superintendent) to gain financially from these decisions and contracts. Both individuals participated in subsequent actions to contracts, including signatory authority and approval of payments on behalf of both the charter school and their private back-office provider company. Political Reform Act – Disclosure, Conflicts of Interest and Enforcement In June 1974, Proposition 9 enacted the Political Reform Act, Government Code Sections 81000 - 91014. The stated intent of the act was to establish a process for most state and local officials as well as certain designated employees to publicly disclose their personal income and assets as follows: [a]ssets and income of public officials which may be materially affected by their official actions…[are] disclosed and in appropriate circumstances the officials…[are]disquali- fied from acting in order that conflicts of interest may be avoided. The Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) enforces the act’s provisions, which require every state and local governmental agency to adopt a conflict of interest code. The commission is the state agency responsible for interpreting the provisions of the law and issuing California Form 700 – Statement of Economic Interests. Because charter school governing board members are considered “public officials” and governing boards are considered “legislative bodies,” board members and certain designated individuals must file Form 700 annually or within 30 days of taking and exiting their official position. Additionally, some consultants to the organization “who makes, participates in making, or acts in a staff capacity for making governmental decisions” may be required to complete Form 700. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 12 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Political Reform Act provides an eight-step process to determine whether a conflict of interest exists as follows: 1. Is the individual a public official? 2. Is the public official making, participating in making, or influencing a governmental decision? 3. Does the public official have one of the five qualifying types of economic interests? (An economic interest will be discussed more fully in the next section of this report.) 4. Is the economic interest directly or indirectly involved in the governmental decision? 5. Will the governmental decision have a material financial effect on the public official’s economic interests? 6. Is it reasonably foreseeable that the economic interest will be materially affected? 7. Is the potential effect of the governmental decision on the public official’s economic interests distinguishable from its effect on the general public? 8. Despite a disqualifying conflict of interest, is the public official’s participation legally required? The Morongo Unified School District granted approval for the Hope Academy Charter School subject to the conditions contained in the school charter petition executed on March 15, 2011. Article IV “Governance Structure” contained in the Hope petition states the following: Hope Academy shall be subject to Government Code Section 1090 et seq., the Political Reform Act of 1974 (Gov Code Section 87100 et seq., the “PRA”) and any attendant regulations as they may be amended from time to time, and all conflict of interest laws and prohibitions applicable to California non-profit corporations and/or California charter schools. All officers, employees, and members of the governing board of Hope Academy shall comply with the requirement of each and all of those conflict of interest laws and regulations. Prior to the commencement of the 2011-2012 school year, Hope Academy shall adopt for Hope Academy the Fair Political Practices Commission’s Model Conflict of Interest Code… Hope Academy Board Policy 7002.1 dedicated eight pages to the Political Reform Act and conflict-of-interest regulations including exhibits of reporting categories. (The complete board policy is attached as Appendix A to this report.) Because board-meeting minutes have little or no detail and in some cases are missing, it is unclear when this board policy was officially approved; however, PRA regulations do not require board approval to be binding on the charter school. The petition between Hope Academy and Morongo Unified dated March 15, 2011 provides the contractual status and therefore, Hope Academy is subject to the conflict-of-interest statutes. Until most recently, the academy’s current governing board members, charter school officials, designated employees and qualifying consultants had not filed Form 700. Former governing board members, charter school officials, designated employees as well as qualifying consultants that met the conditions previously identified in this report have not filed them to date. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 13 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Government Code 1090 – Financial Interest of Public Officials, Officers and Employees Simply stated, the intent of Government Code 1090 (Section 1090) is to prohibit public officials, officers and employees from engaging in a contract in which he or she has a financial interest in both a governmental and personal capacity. Section 1090 has broad implications, applies to school districts and can also apply to charter schools if included in the charter petition, as is the case with Hope Academy, or the memo- randum of understanding. Section 1090 provides as follows: Members of the Legislature, state, county, district, judicial district, and city officers or employees shall not be financially interested in any contract made by them in their official capacity, or by anybody or board of which they are members. Nor shall state, county, district, judicial district, and city officers or employees be purchasers at any sale or vendors at any purchase made by them in their official capacity. As used in this article, “district” means any agency of the state formed pursuant to general law or special act, for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries. FCMAT found that charter conditions designed to disclose potential conflict of interest, including proof of compliance with the Political Reform Act of 1974, Government Code Section 87100, and Government Code Section 1090, were not in compliance as of the date of FCMAT’s fieldwork. On March 15, 2011, the Morongo Unified School District and Hope Academy Charter School approved and executed the charter petition for five years. Section IV “Governance Structure,” as described in the previous section, provided that Hope would adhere to Government Code 1090 provisions. Hope Academy’s conflict-of-interest policy includes the specific terminology and definitions contained in the Political Reform Act of 1974, the regulations of the Fair Political Practices Commission, California Code of Regulations Title 2, Division 6, Section 18730. California Corporations Code Section 5233 The purpose of California Corporations Code Section 5233 is to define self-dealing transactions where the corporation is a party “to which one or more of its directors has a material financial interest…” An extension of this code is included in new requirements in Part VI of the Federal Form 990 entitled, “Governance, Management, and Disclosure,” which can lead to questions regarding the continuance of tax-exempt status. According to California Attorney General Kamala D. Harris, “the IRS considers such policies and procedures generally to improve tax compliance. The absence of appropriate policies and procedures may lead to opportunities for excess benefit transactions, inurement, operation for non-exempt purposes, or other activities inconsistent with exempt status.” Unjust enrichment from earnings (gross or net) may be considered inurement. This report will establish that a business relationship exists between one of the original founders of Hope Academy and his private companies that provided back-office service and technology services as evidenced by contracts, master agreements and consulting arrangements. Conclusive documentation supports that the founder, his spouse and several relatives exercised significant personal involvement and financial interest, violating the conflict-of-interest statutes as well as policies adopted by the academy’s governing board. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 14 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Related-Party Transactions, Significant Influence and Self-Dealing The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 850-10-50 contains the disclosure requirements for related party relationships and transactions as follows: • “Affiliates” of the entity. • Entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, absent the election of the fair value option under the Fair Value Option Subsection of Section 825–10–15, to be accounted for by the equity method by the investing entity. • Trusts for the benefit of employees, such as pension and profit sharing trusts that are managed by or under the trusteeship of management. • Principal owners of the entity and members of their immediate families. • Management of the entity and members of their immediate families. • Other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. • Other parties that can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or that have an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. The FASB ASC glossary, which is attached as Appendix B to this report, also defines the terms: affiliate, control, immediate family, management, and principal owners. The executive management of nonprofit organizations such as Hope Academy have the responsibility to document in detail and fully disclose to the auditors, governing board, county oversight agencies, and the state for purposes of conflict of interest and full disclosure reporting requirements any and all potential related party transactions to comply with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Failure to disclose related party transactions might be considered a departure from GAAP that could result in a qualified or adverse audit opinion and the potential for civil and criminal prosecution. The facts below demonstrate that several related party transactions exist between the founder/ former superintendent/executive director, back-office provider services and other companies. Interviews indicate that in 2013, one of the academy’s founders married a fellow employee, and these two individuals served as the founder/superintendent/executive director and associate director, respectively. These positions were the highest-salaried administrative positions in the organization until the founder resigned in April 2015 and his spouse in December 2015. This husband and wife team had significant influence over several related party transactions from which they secured considerable financial benefit and excessive compensation based on compa- rable wages throughout San Bernardino County during the time period of this review. The academy’s Board Policy 4002.1 on certificated salary indicates the following: All employees will be compensated based on Board approved pay scales. Pay scales will be kept in line with those of districts throughout San Bernardino County. Raises in Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 15 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS pay and/or benefits from year to year will be determined by evaluating the financial situation of the school along with a review of neighboring district’s raises in salary or other compensation. A review of comparable salaries in the San Bernardino County area found that several other administrators employed by Hope Academy were paid wages that greatly exceed other school districts in the area. Excessive salaries and service fees for back-office services paid to the founder’s company forced the charter school to factor (assign) accounts receivable to maintain sufficient cash flow for operations. The table below shows a sample of compensation from surrounding districts. Information for these local districts is based on the most recent compensation data available from Transparent California (www.transparentcalifornia.com) and the California Department of Education (CDE) enrollment data for the corresponding fiscal year. Hope Academy information is based on actual year-end payroll data and CDE enrollment certifications: Superintendent/ Senior Certificated District/Charter Enrollment Executive Director Administrator Morongo Unified 8,905 $157,278 (2012) $73,067 (2012) Hesperia Unified 23,735 $156,260 (2014) $155,904 (2014) Oro Grande Elementary 3,789 $159,497 (2013) $140,000 (2013) Hope Academy 1,744 $220,275 (2014) $164,500 (2014) The academy has the lowest enrollment, but the highest compensation. A review of the informa- tion above shows that Hope Academy’s compensation compared with other local school districts was excessive and did not meet the intent of the charter’s board policy. The December 2014 year-to-date employee compensation records show that several adminis- trators and employees at the academy received high salaries and benefits compared to those in similar positions in the local geographical area, and many are relatives of the founder and his spouse. Comparisons of employee contracts with the April 2015 payroll found increases that are unsubstantiated by board action. Interviews with the founder, his spouse and others indicate that bonuses and stipends were paid for a variety of reasons including “low wages” due from previous years and stipends to ensure maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirements for special education funding. Although interviews suggest that the governing board was fully apprised of these payments, no documented evidence supports these claims. (More information on bonuses, stipends and MOE is provided later in this report.) SavantCo Education Inc. Factoring Factoring accounts receivable provides charter schools with short-term financing for periods of negative cash flows. Factoring agreements for charter schools generally have higher-than-average interest rates because banks are reluctant to loan money to charter schools without sufficient collateral. The founder and his spouse signed a factoring agreement between Charter Asset Management Fund, LP (CAM) and Hope Academy, Inc. on September 2, 2014. The spouse signed as “Vice President, Board of Directors,” misrepresenting her official title, for a $7,874.87 administrative and discount fees on face value receivables of $107,874.87. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 16 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The table below shows Schedule 2 – Prior Receivables Purchased By CAM attached to the September 2, 2014 factoring agreement, which dates back to December 27, 2013, totaled $233,802.79 in administrative and discount fees while the charter school was maintaining exces- sively high compensation levels that included large bonuses. Prior Receivables Purchased by CAM Funding Date Face Value Admin Fee Discount 8/27/14 $25,000.00 $462.50 $737.50 8/27/14 330,000.00 6,105.00 15,675.00 8/27/14 25,000.00 462.50 1,187.50 8/27/14 319,555.31 5,911.77 19,013.54 8/13/14 30,000.00 555.00 150.00 8/13/14 126,157.07 2,333.91 2,460.06 8/13/14 140,000.00 2,590.00 2,730.00 8/13/14 226,795.46 4,195.72 7,937.84 6/20/14 180,000.00 3,330.00 9,450.00 6/20/14 25,000.00 462.50 1,312.50 6/20/14 70,000.00 1,295.00 3,675.00 6/20/14 102,856.37 1,902.84 6,428.52 01/22/14 37,000.00 684.50 2,941.50 03/26/14 95,000.00 1,757.50 5,652.50 02/21/14 101,000.00 1,868.50 7,423.50 03/26/14 104,587.85 1,934.88 6,222.98 03/01/14 83,172.61 1,538.69 5,780.50 04/16/14 31,472.03 518.12 1,446.62 04/16/14 24,000.00 395.11 438.88 04/16/14 24,000.00 395.11 900.00 01/22/14 55,000.00 1,017.50 3,987.50 04/16/14 59,027.19 782.34 2,213.50 01/22/14 28,000.00 518.00 2,226.00 02/21/14 119,133.11 2,203.96 8,637.15 04/16/14 208,160.63 3,426.92 9,568.14 05/07/14 143,552.87 2,204.17 6,570.00 05/07/14 144,860.11 2,186.97 7,451.84 01/22/14 58,977.93 1,091.09 2,506.56 03/26/14 120,000.00 2,220.00 1,800.00 04/16/14 24,000.00 395.11 180.00 12/27/13 15,000.00 277.50 772.50 12/27/13 10,000.00 165.00 515.00 01/22/14 100,000.00 1,850.00 2,950.00 02/25/14 146,932.23 2,718.25 2,203.98 01/22/14 10,000.00 185.00 295.00 01/22/14 45,000.00 832.50 1,350.00 02/25/14 60,000.00 1,110.00 900.00 01/22/14 91,523.25 1,693.18 1,372.85 12/27/13 33,000.00 610.50 1,138.50 12/27/13 25,000.00 462.50 862.50 12/27/13 131,636.71 2,435.28 3,290.92 12/27/13 100,275.47 1,855.10 2,506.89 Totals $3,829,676.20 $68,940.02 $164,862.77 SavantCo Education, Inc. - Master Services Agreement On April 14, 2015, the governing board approved a new service agreement dated June 8, 2015 effective July 1, 2015. Following the founder’s resignation on April 14, 2015, an additional amount of $20,000 per month was added to the SavantCo Education contract for “Executive Administrative Services” bringing the total monthly charges to $78,000 per month from April 2015 through June 2015. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 17 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The FCMAT study team requested board meeting minutes to support this increase to the contract, but could not determine if the governing board approved the additional amount for executive administrative services. SavantCo Education has agreed to return these funds, indi- cating that no board approval was ever received to support the increase. Following the resignation of the founder in April 2015, his spouse continued employment with Hope Academy and exercised signatory authorization until July 2015 when the governing board appointed a new superintendent/executive director. The founder’s spouse signed several contracts, lease agreements and checks as the “superintendent” during this time, including at least one check to her husband’s back-office company, SavantCo Education, for executive administrative oversight totaling $20,000 per month as previously reported. During the interview with FCMAT, the spouse claimed she never had board authorization to sign as superintendent, but had general signatory authority and could not recall approving the invoices for the additional executive administrative services or signing several checks for additional services (such as lease agreements and other expenditures) although there is written evidence to support her approval by email and express approval on the checks and invoices. A review of board minutes presented to FCMAT concludes that there was no authority for her signature as superintendent. The California Department of Corporations lists several entities that included the founder of Hope Academy as an officer and had related party transactions with Hope Academy as follows: 1. SavantCo Financial, Inc. for automobile lease agreements 2. SavantCo Education, Inc. as the back-office service provider 3. Savantech, Inc. for technology services Until July 2014, the academy contracted with EdTec Inc., a back-office service provider, for accounting, finance, payroll, and attendance, grant administration, human resources, governance support, board presentation, compliance and accountability and facilities services. The monthly fee was $9,771.25. On March 11, 2014 the Hope Academy governing board approved a master services agreement with SavantCo Education effective July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2015 for a monthly fee of $58,000, almost six times the amount previously paid to EdTec for similar services. FCMAT found invoices from SavantCo Education to Hope Academy from as early as January 2014, before the board authorized a master services agreement, totaling $130,890.40 in addition to the EdTec monthly charges of approximately $10,000. These invoices include several charges that should not have been charged to Hope Academy. The following table delineates these charges. Monthly DropBox Hiring Retained Set-Up Air Quality- and Smarte Services/ Furniture Tech Invoice Date Fee Fee Beaumont Tools Other Fees Charge Back Buyback Discount January 2014 $4,500 $1,550 ($605) February 5, 2014 $10,800 $700 $2,400 ($394.60) February 21, 2014 $12,140 $2,200 $800 ($757) March 2014 $19,000 $450 $750 $3,000 ($1,160) April 2014 $19,000 $1,500 $750 $250 ($1,025) May 2014 $19,000 $4,000 $750 $250 $1,200 $1,040 ($1,208) June 2014 $19,000 $750 $8,650 $1,750 $1,439 ($1,579) Total $103,440 $5,950 $7,450 $12,150 $6,150 $1,040 $1,439 ($6,728.60) San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 18 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS On June 25, 2014, the founder signed the master services contract in his capacity as superin- tendent/executive director of Hope Academy while he was also a principal officer in SavantCo Education, Inc. His partner, another officer of SavantCo Education, countersigned this agree- ment. FCMAT could not locate disclosure documentation or a reference in board minutes that publicly discloses the relationship of the founder as a principal officer in SavantCo before board approval of the master services agreement. The contract was terminated December 2015, and a new back-office vendor was approved as of January 2016 to provide equivalent services for $22,000 per month with a $20,000 initial set up fee. SavantCo Financial Inc. SavantCo Financial Inc. provided vehicle-leasing services for the academy. According to the founder and confirmed by his SavantCo Education partner, the charter school was unable to secure vehicle financing. The founder along with his partner from SavantCo Education and the founder’s spouse purchased and leased back several vehicles for administrators and employees who had long commutes between resource centers. Interviews with the founder’s partner from SavantCo Education confirms this arrangement, but added that the charge-back only includes a $100 addition to the actual payment plus an adminis- trative fee for handling the monthly lease billing of $450. General ledger transactions and check copies from SavantCo Education confirm that Hope Academy made down payments for vehicles as well as monthly lease and administrative fee payments to SavantCo Education. FCMAT was unable to verify board approval for vehicle leases or verify the base monthly payments made to SavantCo Education, but verified the monthly administrative fees. On November 19, 2015, the governing board terminated all SavantCo Financial vehicle lease agreements. Savantech Savantech provided technology related services to Hope Academy from January 2014 through September 2015. This was another related company owned and operated by the founder doing business with the academy. Savantech employees were authorized credit card holders on Hope Academy’s credit card account charging supplies, equipment and gasoline. FCMAT found that Hope Academy paid twice for some supplies and equipment when Savantech employees used the Hope Academy credit card for these items. Several of these expen- ditures were billed back to Hope Academy on the Savantech invoice. Purchases made on Hope Academy credit cards by Savantech totaling $1,868.06 and subsequently billed to Hope Academy include the following: • A replacement screen and glass for an LCD was charged on a card March 17, 2015 for $52.97 and March 24, 2015 for $147.88, and subsequently billed on a Savantech invoice dated March 25, 2015. • Gray ink was purchased April 21, 2015 for $190.37; a keyboard and mice purchased April 15, 2015 for $157.60; and a color inkjet printer was purchased for $368.60 on April 14, 2015, and subsequently billed on a Savantech invoice dated April 21, 2015. • Paper totaling $104.50 and switches for the computer network costing $846.14 on April 23, 2015, and subsequently billed on a Savantech invoice dated on April 24, 2015. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 19 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Irregular Purchase and Sale of Motor Home The founder recommended to the governing board the purchase of a 2004 Bounder 27’ Class A motor home as a mobile Web lab to fulfill the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) requirements for science. According to the founder, the intent was to remodel the motor home into a mobile lab that would provide hands on science to students at the various resource centers for academy students in order to be compliant with WASC. The governing board approved the purchase for $60,855.34 at the June 9, 2015 board meeting. According to the new superintendent/executive director, the founder did not disclose that the motor home was registered to his parents-in-law in Montana and that the amount of the purchase was the exact amount of the payoff from Commerce Bank. The founder’s spouse signed the check dated June 15, 2015 for the payoff to her parents from academy’s general bank account. Renovation costs to convert the motor home into a mobile wet lab were prohibitive, causing the board to declare the motor home surplus property at the October 13, 2015 board meeting in conformance with Board Policy 3011.1. The motor home was sold for $9,000 at public auction, a loss of $51,855 four months after the original purchase. Misleading Reporting of Expenses – SB 740 Education Code Section 47612.5 (d) (1) as created by SB 740 (Chapter 892, Statutes of 2001) establishes that charter schools may receive funding for nonclassroom-based instruction only if a determination for funding is made, pursuant to Section 47634.2, by the State Board of Education (SBE). The determination for funding is applied to all nonclassroom-based instruction and is subject to several conditions as prescribed by the SBE. Elements reported in the “Nonclassroom-Based Funding Determination Form” (SB 740) include the following: 1. Financial information: Revenues, expenditures; revenues over expenditures; fund balance; and reserves. The structure applied to financial reporting is defined by California School Accounting Manual (CSAM), and coded in a chart of accounts as designated in Standard Accounting Code Structure (SACS). This financial information is organized primarily by resource code, and secondarily by object code. Examples of function code are: Instruction, operations, facilities and administration. 2. Pupil-to-teacher ratio and the number of full-time equivalent employees who possess a valid teaching permit. 3. Entities receiving $50,000 or more of the charter school expenditures. 4. Governing board information and affiliations with any entities listed in item three, above. A certification as to the accuracy of the information listed above provided by the charter school’s director, principal or governing board chairperson, along with several statements, which include that the charter’s board has adopted and implemented conflict-of-interest policies and that all of the charter school’s transactions, contracts, and agreements are in the best interest of the school and reflect a reasonable market rate for all goods, services and considerations rendered for or supplied to the school. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 20 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Three quantitative elements reported on the SB 740 determination form are used to calculate the annual funding percentages for charter school funding. The determination percentages are one of the following: 100%, 85%, 70% or zero. The final determination has the following three separate components: 1. Direct certificated salaries and benefits charged to function 1000 equal to 40% of federal and state revenues, and 2. Direct certificated salaries and benefits plus support services charged to func- tion 1000 - 3999 for a cumulative total of 80% (including item #1 and any expenditures in this item) of federal and state revenues for books, supplies, other support and instructional services, and 3. Class size pupil to teacher ratios no greater than 25:1. A review of the detailed general ledger expenditures to support the reports filed with CDE for 2014-15 resulted in concerns regarding Hope Academy’s compliance with the SB 740 determina- tion request, and possible manipulation of expenditures to increase the determination to 100%. Determination for 2012-13: CDE – The Charter School Division confirmed that Hope Academy was granted an exception to its 2012-13 SB 740 filing based on fiscal year 2011-12 reported data. A finding of mitigating circumstances was granted by the CDE and a payment of $350,000 in bonuses was subsequently paid to all 2012-13 employees. During this reporting period, Hope Academy reported $98,050 in total “operations and facilities” for the Yucca Valley site. A February 15, 2013 letter documented the mitigating circumstances, and the attached SB 740 certified declaration signed by the founder as “superintendent/chief executive” that the board had adopted, and implemented, a conflict-of-interest policy and that all of the charter school’s transactions, contracts and agreements were in the best interest of the school and reflect a reason- able market rate for all goods, services and considerations rendered for or supplied the school. Determination for 2013-14: Hope Academy filed the 2014-15 SB 740 determination request for fiscal year 2013-14. Despite having the Yucca Valley campus, opening five resource centers that year, and having previously claimed facility expenditures, the SB 740 determination request did not include any facilities and operations costs. The declaration listed $128,502 in management service fees paid to SavantCo Education that had been coded as direct instructional services by SavantCo Education. These expenditures were not direct instructional services, but effectively increased the direct services category to meet the 100% determination. Not claiming the facility expenditures and miscoding the management service fees (legal fees, audit fees and other fees) as direct educational services created an inaccurate calculation that CDE relied on to make a 100% determination for the academy. Once again, the SB 740 declaration filed January 15, 2015 certified that the board had adopted and implemented conflict-of-interest policies and indicated that all of the charter school’s trans- actions, contracts and agreements were in the best interest of the school and reflect a reasonable market rate for all goods, services and considerations rendered for or supplied the school. The deputy superintendent of Hope Academy signed this declaration on January 22, 2015. Audit reports are used to verify and match SB 740 expenditures reported in various categories including direct instructional and support services. A review of June 30, 2012 and June 30, 2013 independent audit reports prepared by Hosaka, Rotherham & Company Certified Public Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 21 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Accountants supported the inaccurate SB 740 filings prepared by the academy and failed to properly reclassify expenditures in the correct categories necessary to support the 2012-13 and 2014-15 SB 740 filings. The audit reports also failed to disclose in a footnote the related-party transactions between the academy and SavantCo Education, a requirement of SB 740 disclosure. Interviews with SavantCo administration indicated that two Hosaka employees assigned to academy audits went on to become co-owners in SavantCo Education in March or April 2014. A comparison of SB 740 filings to the 2013 audit found several variances and misapplication of SACS. Hope Academy grew rapidly between 2012 and 2013, adding several resource centers, but a sampling of the general ledger maintained by SavantCo Education showed an excessive amount of expenses coded to direct instruction and instruction related services; no expenditures in operations and facilities; and comparatively few coded to administration. The overreporting of expenses related to instruction and instructional services had a significant effect on the SB 740 determination calculations applied to fiscal years 2012-13 and 2013-14, increasing the percentage of annual funding. Federal Form 990 Hosaka prepared the 2012-13 and 2013-14 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax for Hope Academy. Both tax returns checked “No” to the following question: 1. Was the organization a party to a business transaction with one of the following parties: • A current or former officer, director, trustee, or key employee? • A family member of a current or former officer, director, trustee, or key employee? • An entity of which a current or former officer, director, trustee or key employee was an officer, director, trustee, or direct or indirect owner? The 2012-13 and 2013-14 IRS tax forms both checked “Yes” to the following question: 2. Did the organization have a written conflict of interest policy? • Were officers, directors or trustees and key employees required to disclose annually interests that could give rise to conflicts? Schedule O, states that board members and key employees must file Form 700 annually and that the signing officer reviews Form 990 before filing. Hope Academy’s founder signed both tax returns under penalties of perjury. Bonuses and Stipends Paid to Administrator, Spouse and Other Employees The FCMAT study team could not locate board approval for stipends and/or bonuses remitted to the senior administrators and other staff members. Interviews with several administrators state that stipends and special education bonuses were paid to some employees. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 22 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Bonus Payment 2013-14 A single payment of $45,000 was listed in the 2013-14 payroll records labeled as “Bonus.” This payment was paid to the founder. FCMAT was unable to verify authorization for this bonus through board minutes or other supporting documentation. Special Education Bonuses 2013-14 Although interviews with the founder indicated that all employees who served special education students benefited from a special education bonus, payroll records show two entries coded as Special Education Bonus that totaled $8,000. A $6,000 amount was paid to the founder’s spouse and $2,000 to one teacher. Stipends 2014-15 FCMAT reviewed monthly stipend payments in the November 2014 payroll register totaling $13,200 to nine employees including the founder’s wife for $6,000; the deputy superintendent for $1,000; the founder’s mother for $1,000; and six other employees shared the balance of $5,200. Special Education Bonuses 2014-15 In June 2015, only two special education bonuses were paid: $35,000 to the founder’s spouse and $15,000 to one teacher. Evidence of board action was not provided to support payments of stipends or bonuses. Interviews with the founder and several academy administrators indicated that bonuses had to be paid to meet the special education maintenance-of-effort (MOE) calculation requirements; however, a review of the expenditures indicated that Hope Academy had met the MOE require- ments in 2013-14 and 2014-15 without consideration of the bonuses. MOE requires local agencies (school districts and charter schools) that receive a federal grant award under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Part B (IDEA – B) to maintain at least the same level of state and local expenditures on a per-pupil basis to support federal programs from one fiscal year to the next to ensure that local agencies provide services to disabled students. Districts and charter schools must comply with the MOE requirement to receive IDEA-B funding each fiscal year (34 CFR §300.203.) The 20 United States Code [USC] Section 1413 and 34 Code of Federal Regulation [CFR] Section 300.231 prohibits the amounts received under IDEA - B from being used to reduce the level of expenditures for the education of disabled children with limited exceptions on an aggregate or per-capita basis from the preceding fiscal year. Interviews with SELPA administration indicated that 2013-14 was the first year that Hope Academy was a SELPA participant. As a result, there was no maintenance-of-effort requirement because this was the base year for per-pupil expenditures, yet the founder indicated that bonuses had to be paid to meet this requirement. In the 2014-15 fiscal year, the academy per-pupil expenses totaled $11,690. Compared to 2013-14 base year expenditures of $7,814 per pupil, this represented an increase of 50%. Sufficient expenditures were charged to special education to meet the MOE. A statement from SELPA staff to FCMAT indicated Hope Academy never consulted SELPA staff about MOE concerns or issues related to meeting the MOE. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 23 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FCMAT conducted an extensive review of the general ledger maintained by SavantCo Education for the academy. These records show that 62 entries totaling $602,492.16 were made during year-end closing for the 2014-15 fiscal year that reclassified expenditures from the unrestricted general fund to special education. Repeated requests to SavantCo Education for supporting documentation to the journal entry were ignored. Accounting Reclassifications – Salaries and Benefits CSAM Procedure 910-10 provides that salaries and wages charged to a specific goal such as special education require supporting documentation indicating how the costs relate to that goal for those specific activities. For federal or state restricted funds, personnel activity reports, activity worksheets, or equivalent documentation are generally necessary. Because IDEA – B funding is funded from federal sources, the charter school is required to follow federal regulations. Employees that are split funded with any portion from federal sources must complete a Personnel Activity Report (PAR) in accordance with Federal Office of Management and Budget Circular 87 which states: Each employee paid in part from a single cost objective and in part from other revenue, or an employee paid from multiple cost objectives, completes a Personnel Activity Report (PAR) each pay period, or an approved sampling method is used. No time study, or other documentation, to support salaries charged to IDEA-special education were provided to support the year-end journal entry reclassifying certificated or classified salaries. Journal entries are correcting entries that should be supported by documentation that identifies the purpose for the correction. Administrative Services and Wages FCMAT requested administrative employment contracts to support actual payroll records. On the documents provided to FCMAT, only the contract for the deputy superintendent had a signature. A table comparing employment contract base pay shows differences between board authorization and actual payments: Contractual Position Difference Comments Base Salary 7/1/14 contract allows for modifi- Deputy Superintendent cation “Before first payroll of each – Contract as of $135,000 $10,000 year.” First contract year did not 7/1/2014 end until June 30, 2015. Senior Director of 8/1/13 contract allows for renego- Programs (spouse of tiation, with “increases…discussed $110,000 $33,500 Founder) – Contract as in June.” First contract year ended of 7/1/2013 June 30, 2014. Assistant 7/1/14 contract allows for renegoti- Superintendent of $85,000 0 ation June 2015. Elementary Programs Assistant 7/1/14 contract allows for renegoti- Superintendent of $125,000 0 ation June 2015. Secondary Programs Founder/ $0 N/A No contract provided. Superintendent San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 24 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Deputy Superintendent: The founder executed the deputy superintendent’s employment contract with an effective date of July 1, 2014. The first payroll following the effective date of the contract was $10,000 more than the board-authorized contract amount. During interviews, the deputy superintendent indicated that he was properly approved for this increase although FCMAT could find no evidence of this. Senior Director of Programs: The founder/superintendent was the Hope Academy administrator listed as the signatory for the August 1, 2013 contract for the senior director of programs, his spouse. This is the only employment contract provided by the academy that includes an employer paid tax-sheltered annuity (TSA) of $500 per month. In addition to the stipends and bonuses, the TSA contributions are not included in the employment contract approved by the governing board. FCMAT was not provided documentation demonstrating subsequent board approval. Additional payments recorded in the payroll records show $33,500 in payments prior to board approval of her next contract July 1, 2014. The governing board should approve any increases in compensation before actual payments to the employee. Founder/Superintendent: Upon his resignation from Hope Academy, a $20,000 per month admin- istrative fee was added to the SavantCo Education invoice for April, May and June 2015. During interviews, the founder stated that this fee was paid for SavantCo Education (his company) to “back- fill” the administrative services even though the academy had on staff a deputy superintendent and four other administrators with compensation levels in excess of $120,000 per year including his spouse. The spouse was signing as the superintendent on contracts, warrants and other documents approving expenditures following the founder’s resignation. Board minutes do not reflect governing board approval to increase the SavantCo Education contract by $20,000 per month following the resignation of the founder/superintendent. During interviews with FCMAT, a partner and chief financial officer of SavantCo Education said these funds would be returned to Hope Academy. From January 2015 through June 2015, the salary for the founder’s spouse was increased by $2,083.33 per month ($12,500), yet board minutes do not reflect action to approve a new contract or any temporary increase in compensation. The table below is a summary of adminis- tration services and wages reported through the general ledger accounts and federal forms for July 1, 2014 through December 2015: Services and Wages Paid to Founder, His Companies and Spouse, over 18-Month Period Payee Service Fiscal Year 2014-2015 July-Dec 2015 TOTAL SavantCo Education Business Services $439,205 $353,107 $792,312 SavantCo Finance Financing Services $15,321 $24,966 $40,287 Savantech Technology Support $37,225 $45,101 $82,326 Spouse Wages $159,583 $97,833 $257,416 Founder Wages $158,166 $0 $158,166 Total $809,500 $521,007 $1,330,507 In addition to the wages and service income listed above, one Savantech employee had a credit card issued in his name that was used to purchase materials and supplies; the founder/super- intendent and spouse had numerous credit card charges for personal expenditures including computers and software that are not accounted for, meals and travel charged to Hope Academy. Several credit card charges have no supporting documentation or lack a detailed description of goods/services and several others include the description “Admin lunch.” Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 25 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Questionable Legal Professional Services In addition to several of the founder’s relatives that worked for the academy, professional services for legal issues were provided by the founder’s uncle and his firm located in Royal Oak, Minnesota. Although some bills were addressed to SavantCo Education and others to Hope Academy, the charter paid all the bills through invoices submitted to Hope. A review of Federal Forms 1099 for the 2015 calendar year show that Hope Academy paid $108,577.27 for legal services from May through December 2015, and three more invoices were paid in 2016, when the academy severed its relationship with the firm. A review of the individual invoices shows brief descriptions for professional legal services that relate to SavantCo Education and the founder (denoted as “JM”) following his resignation. Some examples of billings charged to the academy from SavantCo Education from July 2015 include the following: • Follow up conference with JM; • Review new California cases on point and 1090 issues; • Analysis and research of Charter School’s compliance with three California statutes regarding conflict of interest; • Research on primary source material for Political Reform Act and Section 1090 conflict- of-interest provisions; and • Emails to and from JM; develop facts and drafting. The following is a list of all payments made from Hope Academy to the law firm in 2015 totaling $108,577.27, of which $23,316.44 for checks 3999, 4017 and 4227 listed below were signed by the founder’s spouse following his resignation in April 2015 and contain questionable charges. Payments Made to Hope Academy Date Check No Amount 5/4/2015 3999 $1,107.00 5/7/2015 4017 $7,969.00 7/8/2015 4227 $14,240.44 9/14/2015 4516 $3,977.00 9/21/2015 4535 $8,284.00 10/6/2015 4606 $27,549.98 10/30/2015 4723 $18,289.02 11/12/2015 4766 $14,974.35 12/14/2015 4871 $2,186.48 Total Payments $108,577.27 Audit Findings FCMAT interviewed the audit partner engaged by the newly appointed Hope Academy admin- istration to perform the 2014-15 annual audit. The following comments were discussed with the FCMAT study team. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 26 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The auditor noted in the annual 2014-15 audit the following: Substantial audit findings, • Questionable costs, • Lack of internal controls, • Related-party transactions, • Questionable accounting practices provided by the back-office provider, • Unreasonable and inequitable charge backs from the back-office provider, and • Substantial doubt of going concern due to a decrease in net assets coupled with current liabilities that exceed its total assets by $721,155. Financial Statement Findings: There are five audit findings, four involving internal controls. The following is a summary of the findings, conditions and effects as a result of poor oversight and/ or full disclosure to the governing board, lack of internal controls, and inadequate accounting practices for which the school paid monthly fees that exceeded industry standards: Finding Condition Effect Student eligibility records were not consistent with the data 2015-01 – State Compliance reported in CalPADS causing an over reporting of undupli- A reduction in funding of $140,354. cated pupil counts. Numerous instances where the back-office provider has no documentation, record or substantiation to verify charge School has incurred unallowable or unautho- 2015-02 – Internal Control backs to the charter school based on the Master Services rized expenses. Agreement. Expenses could be deemed out of the scope of “applicable industry standards.” Motorhome was purchased from a relative of the “Executive Director/employee” of the school and CEO of the back-of- School may have incurred unallowable or 2015-03 – Internal Control fice provider. Board approval lacked full disclosure of relat- unauthorized expenses. ed-party. No sales agreement. No written policies or procedures for processing, approval School could potentially incur unallowable or 2015-04 – Internal Control and recording of payroll, stipends and/or bonuses to em- unauthorized payroll, stipends and bonuses. ployees causing some employees being improperly paid. Weakness in internal control over financial reporting. Adjustments approved by management to increase other Misstatements can be misleading and under- 2015-05 – Internal Control revenue and decrease prepaid expenses caused beginning or over-estimate the financial condition. net assets to be misstated and out of balance. Back-office provider failed to balance the books at year-end closing. Charges of $58,000 per month by SavantCo Education exceed industry standards according to the audit report and two separate back-office services providers. Levels of back-office service range greatly, however, based on the number of students in the charter school and the master agreement provided by SavantCo Education, comparative services should range from $20,000 to $30,000 per month. EdTec had previously charged $9,771 per month, and the current back-of- fice provider charges $22,000 per month. As previously stated in this report as well as the audit report, SavantCo Education charged a premium price for the monthly back-office services in addition to other expenses that should not have been charged to Hope Academy. Prior to FCMAT’s investigation, the new academy superin- tendent billed SavantCo Education for unauthorized charges totaling $130,016.02. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 27 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Included in these bill-backs are invoices for SavantCo Education to attend and host a vendor booth at the annual charter school convention; Verizon cell phone bills for SavantCo Education employees and their spouses, and other individuals along with the SavantCo Education main line; several expenses directly for SavantCo Education business including business cards, travel, Xerox machine, grant writing conference expenses, a truck liner for a vehicle Hope Academy has never operated; insurance on vehicles that were leased to Hope Academy with an administrative fee of $450 per month designed to cover insurance, maintenance and repairs; business software SavantCo Education uses for all its back-office clients; services not identified in the master services agreement for hiring employees and credentialing; and executive administrative services. During FCMAT interviews, the SavantCo Education chief financial officer and CPA acknowl- edged receipt of the Hope Academy bill-back and agreed that at least $113,000 will be reim- bursed to the academy. The partners of SavantCo Education terminated their relationship with the academy founder and former partner of SavantCo Education effective March 1, 2016 citing concerns that the FCMAT AB 139 audit will affect their business with other charter school clients. Hope Academy Charter School Summary of Related and Irregular Transactions The table below is a compilation of payments and questionable costs made through the academy to the founder/former superintendent, family members of the founder and close associates. The founder authorized many of these payments in his capacity as both owner/partner of SavantCo Education and superintendent of the charter school. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 28 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Hope Charter School Summary of Related and Irregular Transactions Time Period Type Accounting Records SavantCo Education – unap- January 2014 through June 2014 No board approval. $130,890.40 proved service charges Lacked full disclosure to the gov- Motor home purchase. June 2015 $60,855.34 erning board. Payments after the fact ques- Bonuses paid – Special Education 2012-13 tionable approval and under- $350,000 MOE standing of MOE requirements. Lacked board approval. Not $6,000 to spouse and $2,000 to Special Education Bonuses 2013-14 required for MOE. teacher. Involving nine employees includ- ing spouse for $6,000, mother Stipends 2014-15 $1,000, deputy superintendent $13,200 $1,000. No board authorization available. Payment to spouse $35,000 Special Education Bonuses June 2015 and $15,000 to teacher. $50,000 Unauthorized. Deputy superintendent was paid Payments beyond employment 2014-15 in excess of the board approved $10,000 contract. contract. Payments beyond employment Spouse was paid in excess of 2014-15 $44,000 contract. board-approved contract. Payments made for “Executive SavantCo Education April, May and June 2015 Administrative Services” follow- $60,000 ing resignation of founder. Spouse monthly contract was in- Payments beyond employment January 2015 through June 2015 creased by $2,083.33 per month $12,500 contract. without board approval. Questionable costs with legal Professional legal services. Calendar year 2015 firm located in Minnesota and $108,577.27 relative of founder. Bill backs from Hope Academy 2013-2014 through December Bill backs. to SavantCo Ed including the ad- $130,016.02 2015 ministrative services list above. Credit card charges made by January 2014 through December Savantech on Hope’s credit card Misuse of credit card. $1,868.06 2015 and charged back by invoice to Hope Academy. The above transactions represent significant influence that the Hope Academy founder/former superintendent, spouse of the founder and close associates had over financial decisions that personally benefited them. The founder’s spouse authorized several of these transactions for payment and gave these individuals the ability to simultaneously control and benefit from these transactions. The lack of documentation to support transactions through board approval, policy, procedures and records creates the perception of fraud, misappropriation of assets and possible criminal activity. There is little evidence of responsible governance by the board and clearly a lack of fiscal account- ability by the former charter administration. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 29 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Subsequent Events As of July 1, 2015, the governing board appointed a new superintendent whose spouse is the business technician. In addition, a new back-office service provider contract was awarded on January 1, 2016. The legal firm with a relative of the founder/former superintendent no longer provides professional legal services. Special attention to internal controls and review processes are evident; however, the governing board should adopt policies and written procedures should be developed and implemented to prevent the breaches of internal control that have existed and delineate proper segregation of duties especially with related parties. The governing board meeting minutes should provide clear documentation to support vendor and employment contracts and ensure that requirements contained in Government Code 1090, the Political Reform Act, Form 990 and disclosure requirements under FASB accounting coding standards 825-10-15 have a process that verifies compliance. Prevention and Detection As previously mentioned, an effective internal control environment includes ethical values and integrity displayed by management combined with the effective oversight as well as the underlying tone set by the organization’s site administrators. The tone of the organization set by management through its words and actions demonstrates to others that dishonest or unethical behavior will not be tolerated. An atmosphere where employees feel safe to communicate concerns is a fundamental component of a strong and effective internal control environment. The control environment is an essential element and provides the foundation for other internal controls to be effective in achieving the goals and objectives to prevent and/or deter fraud or illegal acts. Regular external audits are a strong deterrent to mismanagement and fraud, but they cannot serve as the only method of ensuring accountability. It is imperative for the county office and Hope Academy’s governing board to review the findings and recommendations of this audit to implement the appropriate internal controls and hold the responsible parties accountable for their actions. Internal controls clearly are among the most important aspects of any fraud prevention program. Administrators and managers are in a position of authority and therefore have a higher standard of care to establish the ethical tone and serve as examples to other employees. Employees with administrative responsibility have a fiduciary duty to the organization in the course of their employment to ensure that those activities are conducted in compliance with all applicable board policies, laws, regulations, and standards of conduct. Management personnel are entrusted to safeguard the charter school’s assets and ensure that internal controls function as intended. The charter should not employ relatives of employees on a permanent or part-time basis so that the relative reports directly to the employee, or the employee exercises any direct influence on the relative’s hiring, salary placement, promotions, evaluations, pay increases, payments for stipends or bonuses. While the governing board and all employees in the organization have some responsibility for internal controls, the founder/former superintendent, his spouse and close associates holding key administrative positions had a fiduciary duty and responsibility to make certain that the assurances in the charter petition and the governing board fiscal policies and procedures were conducted responsibly and ethically. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 30 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the evidence presented to FCMAT, there is sufficient documentation to demonstrate that fraud, mismanagement and misappropriation of the charter school funds and assets may have occurred. The charter school’s internal control environment has significant weaknesses, which increases the probability of fraud and/or abuse. These findings should be of great concern to the governing boards of Hope Academy and the San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools and require immediate intervention to limit the risk of fraud and/or misappropriation of assets in the future. The existence of fraud is solely the purview of the courts and juries, and FCMAT will not make statements that could be construed as a conclusion that fraud has occurred. In accordance with Education Code Section 42638(b), action by the county superintendent shall include the following: If the county superintendent determines that there is evidence that fraud or misappro- priation of funds has occurred, the county superintendent shall notify the governing board of the local agency, the State Controller, the Superintendent of Public Instruction and the local district attorney. Recommendation The county superintendent should: 1. Notify the governing board of Hope Academy Charter School, San Bernardino County Superintendent of Schools governing board, the State Controller, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the local district attorney that fraud, misappropriation of assets or other illegal activities may have occurred. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 3311 APPENDDRICAEFST Appendices A. Hope Academy Board Policy 7002.1 B. FASB-ASC Glossary C. Study Agreement San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 3322 DARPPAEFNTDICES Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 3333 APPENDDRICAEFST Appendix A – Hope Academy Board Policy 7002.1 Hope Academy Subject: Board-Staff Communications Effective Date: September 6, 2011 Approved By: Board of Directors Policy: 7002.1 Role of the Board Board-Staff Communications Hope Academy Charter School desires to maintain open channels of communication between the Board and the staff. However, the basic line of communication between the Board and staff will be through the Executive Director. Staff Communications to the Board Communications from staff members to the Board or its committees shall be submitted through the Executive Director. The Executive Director shall forward such communications received from staff members to the Board. This procedure is not intended to deny any staff member his/her constitutional right of free speech or the right to appeal to or otherwise address the Board on important matters through established procedures. If approached by a staff member with a complaint not using the appropriate process (Board Policy 2001.1: Uniform Complaint Procedures), members of the Board should report it as soon as possible to the Board President. Board Communications to Staff All official communications, policies, and directives of the Board that would be of interest and concern to the staff will generally be communicated through the Executive Director. The Executive Director shall also keep staff members informed of the Board’s concerns and actions. If the Board is in need of clarification about agenda items, Board members may contact senior staff in order to obtain available information. This should be done, when possible, with the knowledge of the Executive Director as a courtesy and also in order not to undermine the Executive Director’s authority. The intent of communication is to share current and available information and never to direct or manage the staff member’s time or activities. Social Interaction Both staff and Board members share an interest in the school and in education generally, and it is to be expected that when they interact at social affairs and other functions, they will informally discuss such matters as educational trends, issues, and innovations, and general activities of the School. However, since Board members are not authorized to act San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 3344 DARPPAEFNTDICES on behalf of the Board unless by quorum, in open public session, or when specifically vested with such authority, Board members and members of the staff should not discuss any matter which may result in the individual Board member(s) making some decision and giving the staff member a directive as a result. In no case should Board members pass information on to staff or students. The route from the Board to staff or students is via the Executive Director. Board members should never discuss divisions within the Board, emerging Board policy, hiring or layoff matters involving staff, or student due process. Board members should not discuss individual personalities, personnel grievances, or other complaints with staff members or others outside the appropriate setting. It is very damaging to discuss rumors which may prove to be unfounded and which may damage morale, or which may be used by one faction against another, or by one staff person against another. Board members may not always be aware of the factions which may exist among staff and students or of the ambitions of particular individuals, and it is harmful to pass on information which may inadvertently be used to further interpersonal intrigues or other problems at staff or student levels. It is also dangerous to discuss any actions, which could, theoretically, result in legal proceedings and interfere with the job of the Executive Director and Board. Instead, all such matters should be addressed in accordance with the procedures established in Board policy. Hope Academy Conflict-of-interest Code Adoption In compliance with the Political Reform Act of 1974, California Government Code Section 87100, et seq., Hope Academy Charter School hereby adopts this Conflict of Interest Code (“Code”), which shall apply to all governing board members, candidates for member of the governing board, and all other designated employees of Hope Academy Charter School (“Charter School”), as specifically required by California Government Code Section 87300. Designated Employees Employees of this Charter School, including governing board members and candidates, who hold positions that involve the making or participation in the making, of decisions that may foreseeably have a material effect on any financial interest, shall be designated employees. The designated positions are listed in “Exhibit A” attached to this policy and incorporated by reference herein. Statement of Economic Interests: Time of Filing Each designated employee, including governing board members and candidates, shall file a Statement of Economic Interest (“Statement”) at the time and manner prescribed below, disclosing reportable investments, interests in real property, business positions, and income required to be reported under the category or categories to which the employee’s position is assigned in “Exhibit A.” An investment, interest in real property or income shall be reportable, if the business entity in which the investment is held, the interest in real property, the business position, or Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 3355 APPENDDRICAEFST source of income may foreseeably be affected materially by a decision made or participate in by the designated employee by virtue of his or her position. The specific disclosure responsibilities assigned to each position are set forth in “Exhibit B.” Initial Statements All designated employees employed by the Charter School on the effective date of this Code, as originally adopted, promulgated and approved by the Charter School, shall file statements within 30 days after the effective date of this Code. Thereafter, each person in a position that becomes by an amendment to this Code a “designated employee” shall file an Initial Statement within 30 days after the effective date of the amendment. Governing Board Candidates Candidates for election to the governing board shall file statements within 5 days after the final date for filing nomination petitions. Assuming Office Statements All persons assuming designated positions after the effective date of this Code shall file statements within 30 days after assuming designated positions. Annual Statements All designated employees shall file statements no later than April 1. Leaving Office Statements All persons who leave designated positions shall file statements within 30 days after leaving office. Statements for Persons Who Resign 30 Days after Appointment Persons who resign within 30 days of initial appointment are not deemed to have assumed office or left office provided they did not make or participate in the making of, or use their position to influence any decision and did not receive or become entitled to receive any form of payment as a result of their appointment. Such persons shall not file either an assuming or Leaving Office Statement. Statements Filed With the Charter School All Statements shall be supplied by the Charter School. All Statements shall be filed with the Charter School. The Charter School’s filing officer shall make and retain a copy and forward the original to the County Board of Supervisors. Statements of Economic Interests: Contents of and Time Period Covered by the Statements Contents of Initial Statements Initial Statements shall disclose any reportable investments, interests in real property and business positions held on the effective date of the Code and income received during the 12 months prior to the effective date of the Code. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 3366 DARPPAEFNTDICES Contents of Assuming Office Statements Assuming Office Statements shall disclose any reportable investments, interests in real property and business positions held on the date of assuming office and income received during the 12 months prior to the date of assuming office. Contents of Annual Statements Annual Statements shall disclose any reportable investments, interest in real property, income and business positions held or received during the previous calendar year provided, however, that the period covered by an employee’s first Annual Statement shall begin on the effective date of the Code or date of assuming office, whichever is later. The statement shall include any reportable investment or interest in real property, partially or wholly acquired or disposed of during the period covered by the statement, with the date of acquisition of disposal. Contents of Leaving Office Statements Leaving Office Statements shall disclose reportable investments, interest in real property, income and business positions held or received during the period between the closing date of the last statement filed and the date of leaving office. The statement shall include any reportable investment or interest in real property, partially or wholly acquired or disposed of during the period covered by the statement, with the date of acquisition or disposal. Statements of Economic Interests: Manner of Reporting Investment and Real Property Disclosure When an investment or interest in real property is required to be disclosed, the statement shall contain the following: 1. A statement of the nature of the investment or interest; 2. The name of the business entity in which each investment is held, and a general description of the business activity in which the business entity is engaged; 3. The address or other precise location of the real property; and 4. A statement whether the fair market value of the investment or interest in real property exceeds one thousand dollars ($1,000), exceeds ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or exceeds one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000). This information need not be provided with respect to an interest in real property which is used principally as the residence of the filer. Reportable investments or interest in real property do include those in excess of one thousand dollars ($1,000) held by the filer’s spouse and dependent children as well as a pro rata share of any investment or interest in real property of any business entity or trust in which the filer, spouse and dependent children together own a direct, indirect or beneficial interest of 10% or more. Personal Income Disclosure Personal income is required to be reported under this Code, the statement shall contain the following: Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 3377 APPENDDRICAEFST The name and address of each source of income aggregating $250 or more in value or $50 or more in value if the income was a gift, and a general description of the business activity, if any, of each source; 1. A statement whether the aggregate value of income from each source, or in the case of a loan, the highest amount owed to each source, was one thousand dollars ($1,000) or less, greater than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or greater than ten thousand dollars ($10,000); 2. A description of the consideration, if any, for which the income was received; 3. In the case of a gift, the name, address and business activity of the donor and any intermediary through which the gift was made; a description of the gift; the amount or value of the gift and the date on which the gift was received; and 4. In the case of a loan, the annual interest rate and the security, if any, given for the loan. Business Entity Income Disclosure When income of a business entity, including income of a sole proprietorship, is required to be reported, the statement shall contain: 1. The name, address, and a general description of the business activity; and 2. The name of every person from whom the business entity received payments if the filer’s pro rata share of gross receipts from such a person was equal to or greater than ten thousand dollars ($10,000). Business Positions Disclosure When reporting business positions, a designated employee shall list the name of each business entity not specified above in which he/she is a director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, or in which he/she holds any position of management; a description of the business activity in which the entity is engaged; and designated employee’s position with the business entity. Disqualification No designated employee shall make, participate in making, or try to use his/her official position to influence any Charter School decision which he/she knows or has reason to know will have a reasonably foreseeable material financial effect, distinguishable from its effect on the public generally, on the official or a member of his or her immediate family or on: 1. Any business entity or real property in which the designated employee has a direct or indirect investment or interest worth one thousand dollars ($1,000) or more. 2. Any source of income totaling two hundred fifty dollars ($250) or more provided or promised to the designated employee within twelve months prior to the decision. (This category does not include gifts or loans made at regular rates by commercial lending institutions.) 3. Any business entity in which the designated employee is the director, officer, partner, trustee, employee, or any kind of director. 4. Any donor of gifts totaling $250 or more in value provided or promised to the designated within twelve months prior to the decision; any intermediary or agency for such a donor. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 3388 DARPPAEFNTDICES No designated employee shall be prevented from making or participating in any decision to the extent that his/her participation is legally required for the decision to be made. (The need to break a tie vote does not make the designated employee’s participation legally required.) Manner of Disqualification Non-Governing Board Member Designated Employees When a non-Governing Board member designated employee determines that he/she should not make a decision because of a disqualifying interest, he/she should submit a written disclosure of the disqualifying interest to his/her immediate supervisor. The supervisor shall immediately reassign the matter to another employee and shall forward the disclosure notice to the Charter School Director, who shall record the employee’s disqualification. In the case of a designated employee who is head of an agency, this determination and disclosure shall be made in writing to his/her appointing authority. Governing Board Member Designated Employees Governing Board members shall disclose a disqualifying interest at the meeting during which consideration of the decision takes place. This disclosure shall be made part of the Board’s official record. The Board member shall then refrain from participating in the decision in any way (i.e., the Board member with the disqualifying interest shall refrain from voting on the matter and shall leave the room during Board discussion and when the final vote is taken). Definition of Terms As applicable to a charter school, the definitions contained in the Political Reform Act of 1974, the regulations of the Fair Political Practices Commission, specifically California Code of Regulations Section 18730, and any amendments or modifications to the Act and regulations are incorporated by reference to this Code. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 3399 APPENDDRICAEFST Hope Academy Conflict of Interest Code EXHIBIT A Designated Positions I. Persons occupying the following positions are designated employees and must disclose financial interests in all categories defined in “Exhibit B” (i.e. categories 1, 2, and 3). A. Members of the Governing Board B. Candidates for Member of the Governing Board C. Corporate Officers (e.g., Executive Director/President, CFO/Treasurer, Secretary) D. Executive Director of Charter School E. Chief Administrative Officer F. Chief Educational Officer 1 G. Consultants 2 H. Other Employees II. Persons occupying the following positions are designated employees and must disclose financial interests defined in Category 1 of “Exhibit B.” A. Controller B. Assistant Controller 3 C. Other Employees III. Persons occupying the following positions are designated employees and must disclose financial interests defined in Categories 2 and 3 of “Exhibit B.” A. Director of Technology B. Contractor 4 C. Other Employees 1 The Director may determine, in writing, that a particular consultant, although a “designated position,” is hired to perform a range of duties that is limited in scope and thus not required to fully comply with the disclosure requirements in this section. Such written determination shall include a description of the consultant’s duties and, based upon that description, a statement of the extent of disclosure requirements. The Director’s determination is a public record and shall be retained for public inspection in the same manner and location of interest code. 2 “Other Employees” include any employee occupying a position that requires the employee to make a governmental decision that foreseeably and materially affects a personal financial interest, source of income, or a business position in a business entity. 3 “Other Employees” include any employee with authority to make purchases that may foreseeably and materially affect an investment and/or business position in business entities or who are in a position to influence a governmental decision that may foreseeably and materially affect an investment and/or business position in a business entity. 4 “Other Employees” include employees with authority to make purchases that may foreseeably and materially affect investments and business positions in business entities which provide services, supplies, materials, or equipment in which the employee has authority to purchase. San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 4400 DARPPAEFNTDICES Hope Academy Conflict of Interest Code EXHIBIT B Disclosure Categories Category 1 Reporting A. Interest in real property which is located in whole or in part either (1) within the boundaries of the District, or (2) within two miles of the boundaries of the District, including any leasehold, beneficial or ownership interests or option to acquire such interest in real property, if the fair market value of the interest is greater than $1,000. (Interests in real property of an individual include a business entity’s share of interest in real property of any business entity or trust in which the designated employee or his or her spouse owns, directly, indirectly, or beneficially, a ten percent interest or greater.) B. Investments in or income from persons or business entities which are contractors or sub-contractors which are or have been within the previous two-year period engaged in the performance of building construction or design within the District. C. Investments in or income from persons or business entities engaged in the acquisition or disposal of real property within the jurisdiction. Investment includes any financial interest in or security issued by a business entity, including but not limited to common stock, preferred stock, rights, warrants, options, debt instruments and any partnership interest or other ownership interests. Investments of any individual include a pro rata share of investments of any business entity or trust in which the designated employee or his or her spouse owns, directly, indirectly or beneficially, a ten percent interest or greater. Investment does not include a time or demand deposit in a financial institution, shares in a credit union, any insurance policy, or any bond or other debt instrument issued by any government or government agency. No investment or interest in real property is reportable unless its fair market value exceeds $1,000. No source of income is reportable unless the income received by or promised to the public official aggregates $250 or more in value or $50 or more in value if the income was a gift during the preceding 12-month reporting period. Category 2 Reporting A. Investments in or income from business entities which manufacture or sell supplies, books, machinery or equipment of the type utilized by the department for which the designated employee is Director or Director. Investments include interests described in Category 1. Category 3 Reporting A. Investments in or income from business entities which are contractors or sub- contractors engaged in the performance of work or services of the type utilized by the department for which the designated employee is Director. Investments include the interests described in Category 1. Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 4411 APPENDDRICAEFST Appendix B – FASB-ASC Glossary RelatedParties 1961 AU Section 334 Related Parties (SupersedesStatementonAuditingStandards No.6,AUsec.335.01–.19.)* Source:SASNo.45. Seesection9334forinterpretationsofthissection. EffectiveforperiodsendedafterSeptember30,1983,unlessotherwiseindicated. .01 This section provides guidance on procedures that should be consid- ered by the auditor when he is performing an audit of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards to identify related partyrelationshipsandtransactionsandtosatisfyhimselfconcerningthere- quiredfinancialstatementaccountinganddisclosure.1Theproceduressetforth inthissectionshouldnotbeconsideredall-inclusive.Also,notallofthemmay berequiredineveryaudit. Accounting Considerations .02 FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)AccountingStandards Codification(ASC)850,RelatedPartyDisclosures,givestherequirementsfor * This section also withdraws the following auditing interpretations dated March 1976 (AU sec.9335.01–.11): • EvaluatingtheAdequacyofDisclosureofRelatedPartyTransactions • DisclosureofCommonlyControlledParties • Definitionof"ImmediateFamily" 1 FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)AccountingStandardsCodification(ASC)850- 10-50containsthedisclosurerequirementsforrelatedpartyrelationshipsandtransactions.TheFASB ASCglossarydefinesrelatedpartiesas a. Affiliatesoftheentity b. Entitiesforwhichinvestmentsintheirequitysecuritieswouldberequired,absenttheelection ofthefairvalueoptionundertheFairValueOptionSubsectionofSection825–10–15,tobe accountedforbytheequitymethodbytheinvestingentity c. Trustsforthebenefitofemployees,suchaspensionandprofit-sharingtruststhataremanaged byorunderthetrusteeshipofmanagement d. Principalownersoftheentityandmembersoftheirimmediatefamilies e. Managementoftheentityandmembersoftheirimmediatefamilies f. Otherpartieswithwhichtheentitymaydealifonepartycontrolsorcansignificantlyinfluence themanagementoroperatingpoliciesoftheothertoanextentthatoneofthetransacting partiesmightbepreventedfromfullypursuingitsownseparateinterests g. Otherpartiesthatcansignificantlyinfluencethemanagementoroperatingpoliciesofthe transactingpartiesorthathaveanownershipinterestinoneofthetransactingpartiesand cansignificantlyinfluencetheothertoanextentthatoneormoreofthetransactingparties mightbepreventedfromfullypursuingitsownseparateinterests.TheFASBASCglossary alsodefinesthetermsaffiliate,control,immediatefamily,management,andprincipalowners. FASBASC850-10-05-3providesexamplesofrelatedpartytransactions. [Footnoterevised,June2009,toreflectconformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofFASB ASC.] AU §334.02 San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 4422 DARPPAEFNTDICES 1962 TheStandardsofFieldWork related party disclosures. Certain accounting pronouncements prescribe the accountingtreatmentwhenrelatedpartiesareinvolved;however,established accountingprinciplesordinarilydonotrequiretransactionswithrelatedparties tobeaccountedforonabasisdifferentfromthatwhichwouldbeappropriateif thepartieswerenotrelated.Theauditorshouldviewrelatedpartytransactions withintheframeworkofexistingpronouncements,placingprimaryemphasis ontheadequacyofdisclosure.Inaddition,theauditorshouldbeawarethatthe substance of a particular transaction could be significantly different from its formandthatfinancialstatementsshouldrecognizethesubstanceofparticular transactionsratherthanmerelytheirlegalform.2[Revised,June2009,toreflect conformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofFASBASC.] .03 Transactions that because of their nature may be indicative of the existenceofrelatedpartiesinclude3— a. Borrowingorlendingonaninterest-freebasisoratarateofinterest significantlyaboveorbelowmarketratesprevailingatthetimeofthe transaction. b. Sellingrealestateatapricethatdifferssignificantlyfromitsappraised value. c. Exchangingpropertyforsimilarpropertyinanonmonetarytransac- tion. d. Makingloanswithnoscheduledtermsforwhenorhowthefundswill berepaid. Audit Procedures .04 An audit performed in accordance with generally accepted auditing standardscannotbeexpectedtoprovideassurancethatallrelatedpartytrans- actionswillbediscovered.Nevertheless,duringthecourseofhisaudit,theau- ditorshouldbeawareofthepossibleexistenceofmaterialrelatedpartytrans- actions that could affect the financial statements and of common ownership ormanagementcontrolrelationshipsforwhichFASBASC850-10-50requires disclosure. Many of the procedures outlined in the following paragraphs are normally performed in an audit in accordance with generally accepted audit- ingstandards,eveniftheauditorhasnoreasontosuspectthatrelatedparty transactions or control relationships exist. Other audit procedures set forth inthissectionarespecificallydirectedtorelatedpartytransactions.[Revised, June2009,toreflectconformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofFASB ASC.] .05 In determining the scope of work to be performed with respect to possible transactions with related parties, the auditor should obtain an 2 Somepronouncementsspecifycriteriafordetermining,presenting,andaccountingforthesub- stanceofcertaintransactionsandevents.Examplesinclude(1)presentingconsolidatedfinancial statementsinsteadofseparatestatementsofthecomponentlegalentities(FASBASC810,Consoli- dation);(2)capitalizingleases(FASBASC840,Leases);and(3)imputinganappropriateinterestrate whenthefaceamountofanotedoesnotreasonablyrepresentthepresentvalueoftheconsideration givenorreceivedinexchangeforit(FASBASC835,Interest).[Footnoterevised,June1993,toreflect conformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofStatementofPosition93-3.Footnoterevised, June2009,toreflectconformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofFASBASC.] 3 FASBASC850-10-05-4givesotherexamplesofcommontypesoftransactionswithrelated parties.FASBASC850-10-05-5statesthat"transactionsbetweenrelatedpartiesareconsideredtobe relatedpartytransactionseventhoughtheymaynotbegivenaccountingrecognition.Forexample, anentitymayreceivedservicesfromarelatedpartywithoutchargeandnotrecordreceiptofthe services.Whilenotprovidingaccountingormeasurementguidanceforsuchtransactions,FASBASC 850requirestheirdisclosurenonetheless."[Footnoterevised,June2009,toreflectconformingchanges necessaryduetotheissuanceofFASBASC.] AU §334.03 Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 4433 APPENDDRICAEFST RelatedParties 1963 understanding of management responsibilities and the relationship of each component to the total entity. He should consider controls over management activities,andheshouldconsiderthebusinesspurposeservedbythevarious components of the entity. Normally, the business structure and style of oper- atingarebasedontheabilitiesofmanagement,taxandlegalconsiderations, productdiversification,andgeographicallocation.Experiencehasshown,how- ever,thatbusinessstructureandoperatingstyleareoccasionallydeliberately designedtoobscurerelatedpartytransactions. .06 In the absence of evidence to the contrary, transactions with related partiesshouldnotbeassumedtobeoutsidetheordinarycourseofbusiness.The auditorshould,however,beawareofthepossibilitythattransactionswithre- latedpartiesmayhavebeenmotivatedsolely,orinlargemeasure,byconditions similartothefollowing: a. Lackofsufficientworkingcapitalorcredittocontinuethebusiness b. Anurgentdesireforacontinuedfavorableearningsrecordinthehope ofsupportingthepriceofthecompany'sstock c. Anoverlyoptimisticearningsforecast d. Dependenceonasingleorrelativelyfewproducts,customers,ortrans- actionsforthecontinuingsuccessoftheventure e. Adecliningindustrycharacterizedbyalargenumberofbusinessfail- ures f. Excesscapacity g. Significant litigation, especially litigation between stockholders and management h. Significant obsolescence dangers because the company is in a high- technologyindustry Determining the Existence of Related Parties .07 The auditor should place emphasis on testing material transactions with parties he knows are related to the reporting entity. Certain relation- ships, such as parent-subsidiary or investor-investee, may be clearly evident. Determining the existence of others requires the application of specific audit procedures,whichmayincludethefollowing: a. Evaluate the company's procedures for identifying and properly ac- countingforrelatedpartytransactions. b. Requestfromappropriatemanagementpersonnelthenamesofallre- lated parties and inquire whether there were any transactions with thesepartiesduringtheperiod. c. ReviewfilingsbythereportingentitywiththeSecuritiesandExchange Commission and other regulatory agencies for the names of related partiesandforotherbusinessesinwhichofficersanddirectorsoccupy directorshipormanagementpositions. d. Determine the names of all pension and other trusts established for thebenefitofemployeesandthenamesoftheirofficersandtrustees.4 e. Reviewstockholderlistingsofcloselyheldcompaniestoidentifyprin- cipalstockholders. 4 FASBASCglossarytermrelatedpartiesincludes"trustsforthebenefitofemployees,suchas pensionandprofit-sharingtruststhataremanagedbyorunderthetrusteeshipofmanagement." [Footnoterevised,June2009,toreflectconformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofFASB ASC.] AU §334.07 San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 4444 DARPPAEFNTDICES 1964 TheStandardsofFieldWork f. Review prior years' working papers for the names of known related parties. g. Inquireofpredecessor,principal,orotherauditorsofrelatedentities concerningtheirknowledgeofexistingrelationshipsandtheextentof managementinvolvementinmaterialtransactions. h. Reviewmaterialinvestmenttransactionsduringtheperiodunderau- dittodeterminewhetherthenatureandextentofinvestmentsduring theperiodcreaterelatedparties. Identifying Transactions With Related Parties .08 Thefollowingproceduresareintendedtoprovideguidanceforidentify- ingmaterialtransactionswithpartiesknowntoberelatedandforidentifying materialtransactionsthatmaybeindicativeoftheexistenceofpreviouslyun- determinedrelationships: a. Provide audit personnel performing segments of the audit or audit- ingandreportingseparatelyontheaccountsofrelatedcomponentsof thereportingentitywiththenamesofknownrelatedpartiessothat theymaybecomeawareoftransactionswithsuchpartiesduringtheir audits. b. Reviewtheminutesofmeetingsoftheboardofdirectorsandexecutive oroperatingcommitteesforinformationaboutmaterialtransactions authorizedordiscussedattheirmeetings. c. Review proxy and other material filed with the Securities and Ex- changeCommissionandcomparabledatafiledwithotherregulatory agenciesforinformationaboutmaterialtransactionswithrelatedpar- ties. d. Reviewconflict-of-interestsstatementsobtainedbythecompanyfrom itsmanagement.5 e. Reviewtheextentandnatureofbusinesstransactedwithmajorcus- tomers,suppliers,borrowers,andlendersforindicationsofpreviously undisclosedrelationships. f. Considerwhethertransactionsareoccurring,butarenotbeinggiven accounting recognition, such as receiving or providing accounting, management or other services at no charge or a major stockholder absorbingcorporateexpenses. g. Reviewaccountingrecordsforlarge,unusual,ornonrecurringtrans- actionsorbalances,payingparticularattentiontotransactionsrecog- nizedatorneartheendofthereportingperiod. h. Reviewconfirmationsofcompensatingbalancearrangementsforindi- cationsthatbalancesareorweremaintainedfororbyrelatedparties. i. Reviewinvoicesfromlawfirmsthathaveperformedregularorspecial services for the company for indications of the existence of related partiesorrelatedpartytransactions. j. Reviewconfirmationsofloansreceivableandpayableforindications ofguarantees.Whenguaranteesareindicated,determinetheirnature andtherelationships,ifany,oftheguarantorstothereportingentity. 5 Conflict-of-interestsstatementsareintendedtoprovidethosechargedwithgovernancewith informationabouttheexistenceornonexistenceofrelationshipsbetweenthereportingpersonsand partieswithwhomthecompanytransactsbusiness.[Footnoterevised,April2007,toreflectconforming changesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofStatementonAuditingStandardsNo.114.] AU §334.08 Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 4455 APPENDDRICAEFST RelatedParties 1965 Examining Identified Related Party Transactions .09 Afteridentifyingrelatedpartytransactions,theauditorshouldapply theproceduresheconsidersnecessarytoobtainsatisfactionconcerningthepur- pose,nature,andextentofthesetransactionsandtheireffectonthefinancial statements.Theproceduresshouldbedirectedtowardobtainingandevaluat- ingsufficientappropriateauditevidenceandshouldextendbeyondinquiryof management.Proceduresthatshouldbeconsideredincludethefollowing: a. Obtainanunderstandingofthebusinesspurposeofthetransaction.6 b. Examineinvoices,executedcopiesofagreements,contracts,andother pertinent documents, such as receiving reports and shipping docu- ments. c. Determine whether the transaction has been approved by those chargedwithgovernance. d. Testforreasonablenessthecompilationofamountstobedisclosed,or consideredfordisclosure,inthefinancialstatements. e. Arrange for the audits of intercompany account balances to be per- formedasofconcurrentdates,evenifthefiscalyearsdiffer,andforthe examinationofspecified,important,andrepresentativerelatedparty transactionsbytheauditorsforeachoftheparties,withappropriate exchangeofrelevantinformation. f. Inspectorconfirmandobtainsatisfactionconcerningthetransferabil- ityandvalueofcollateral. [Revised, March 2006, to reflect conforming changes necessary due to the is- suance of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 105. Revised, April 2007, to reflectconformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofStatementonAu- ditingStandardsNo.114.] .10 Whennecessarytofullyunderstandaparticulartransaction,thefol- lowingprocedures,whichmightnototherwisebedeemednecessarytocomply withgenerallyacceptedauditingstandards,shouldbeconsidered.7 a. Confirm transaction amount and terms, including guarantees and other significant data, with the other party or parties to the trans- action. b. Inspectevidenceinpossessionoftheotherpartyorpartiestothetrans- action. c. Confirmordiscusssignificantinformationwithintermediaries,such as banks, guarantors, agents, or attorneys, to obtain a better under- standingofthetransaction. d. Refer to financial publications, trade journals, credit agencies, and otherinformationsourceswhenthereisreasontobelievethatunfamil- iarcustomers,suppliers,orotherbusinessenterpriseswithwhichma- terialamountsofbusinesshavebeentransactedmaylacksubstance. e. Withrespecttomaterialuncollectedbalances,guarantees,andother obligations, obtain information about the financial capability of the 6 Untiltheauditorunderstandsthebusinesssenseofmaterialtransactions,hecannotcomplete hisaudit.Ifhelackssufficientspecializedknowledgetounderstandaparticulartransaction,heshould consultwithpersonswhodohavetherequisiteknowledge. 7 Arrangementsforcertainproceduresshouldbemadeorapprovedinadvancebyappropriate clientofficials. AU §334.10 San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 4466 DARPPAEFNTDICES 1966 TheStandardsofFieldWork otherpartyorpartiestothetransaction.Suchinformationmaybeob- tained from audited financial statements, unaudited financial state- ments,incometaxreturns,andreportsissuedbyregulatoryagencies, taxingauthorities,financialpublications,orcreditagencies.Theaudi- torshoulddecideonthedegreeofassurancerequiredandtheextent towhichavailableinformationprovidessuchassurance. Disclosure .11 Foreachmaterialrelatedpartytransaction(oraggregationofsimilar transactions) or common ownership or management control relationship for which FASB ASC 850-10-50 requires disclosure, the auditor should consider whether he has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence to understand the relationship of the parties and, for related party transactions, the effects ofthetransactiononthefinancialstatements.Heshouldthenevaluateallthe informationavailabletohimconcerningtherelatedpartytransactionorcontrol relationshipandsatisfyhimselfonthebasisofhisprofessionaljudgmentthat it is adequately disclosed in the financial statements. [Revised, March 2006, to reflect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of Statement on AuditingStandardsNo.105.Revised,June2009,toreflectconformingchanges necessaryduetotheissuanceofFASBASC.]8 .12 Exceptforroutinetransactions,itwillgenerallynotbepossibletode- terminewhetheraparticulartransactionwouldhavetakenplaceiftheparties hadnotbeenrelated,orassumingitwouldhavetakenplace,whatthetermsand mannerofsettlementwouldhavebeen.Accordingly,itisdifficulttosubstanti- aterepresentationsthatatransactionwasconsummatedontermsequivalent tothosethatprevailinarm's-lengthtransactions.9 Ifsucharepresentationis included in the financial statements and the auditor believes that the repre- sentation is unsubstantiated by management, he should express a qualified oradverseopinionbecauseofadeparturefromgenerallyacceptedaccounting principles,dependingonmateriality(seesection508.35and.36). 8 Also,seesection431,AdequacyofDisclosureinFinancialStatements.[Footnoterevised,June 2009,toreflectconformingchangesnecessaryduetotheissuanceofFASBASC.] 9 FASBASC850-10-50-5statesthatifrepresentationsaremadeabouttransactionswithrelated parties,therepresentations"shallnotimplythattherelatedpartytransactionswereconsummated ontermsequivalenttothosethatprevailinarm's-lengthtransactionsunlesssuchrepresentations canbesubstantiated."[Footnoterevised,June2009,toreflectconformingchangesnecessarydueto theissuanceofFASBASC.] AU §334.11 Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 4477 APPENDDRICAEFST Appendix C – Study Agreement San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 4488 DARPPAEFNTDICES Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 4499 APPENDDRICAEFST San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 5500 DARPPAEFNTDICES Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM 5511 APPENDDRICAEFST San Bernardino County Superintendent of SChoolS 5522 DARPPAEFNTDICES Fiscal crisis & ManageMent assistance teaM