Ripa Board Annual Report 2024, Appendix

R ACIAL AND I DENTITY P ROFILING A DVISORY B OARD Annual Report 2024 Appendix Table of Contents Appendix A – Report Body Descriptive Tables ........................................................................................... 3 A.1 Stops by Identity Group and Reason for Stop .................................................................................... 3 A.2 Stops by Identity Group and Traffic Violation Type ......................................................................... 5 A.3 Stops by Identity Group and Reason for Stop - Reasonable Suspicion Subcategories ...................... 7 A.4 Stops by Identity Group and Calls for Service ................................................................................. 10 A.5 Stops by Identity Group and Calls for Service without Traffic Violations ...................................... 12 A.6 Stops by Identity Group and Average Actions Taken During Stop ................................................. 14 A.7 Stops by Identity Group and Overall Actions Taken During Stop ................................................... 16 A.8 Stops by Identity Group and Actions Taken During Stop................................................................ 18 A.9 All Actions Taken During Stop by Race and/or Ethnicity ............................................................... 20 A.10 All Actions Taken During Stop by Gender .................................................................................... 22 A.11 All Actions Taken During Stop by Age Group .............................................................................. 24 A.12 All Actions Taken During Stop by LGBT, Limited English Fluency, or Disability Group .......... 27 A.13 Stops by Identity Group and Search/Discovery Rates ................................................................... 30 A.14 Consent Inquiries and Search Rates ............................................................................................... 32 A.15 Consent Search Rates ..................................................................................................................... 33 A.16 Consent Search Discovery Rates .................................................................................................... 34 A.17 Stops by Identity Group and Stop Result for Handcuffed Individuals ........................................... 35 A.18 Stops by Identity Group and Action Taken as a Result of Stop ..................................................... 37 A.19 Stops by Identity Group and Stop Result ....................................................................................... 39 A.20 Agency Stop Count Frequency and Differences between 2021 and 2022 ..................................... 41 A.21 Top 100 Traffic Violation Offense Codes Submitted by Los Angeles Police Department ........... 41 A.22 Reasonable Suspicion Offense Codes Submitted for Stops of Students made on K-12 Grounds .. 41 A.23 Civilians' Complaints Against Peace Officers 2018-2022 ............................................................. 41 A.24 2022 Disposition Types of Racial Profiling Complaints in 2022 .................................................. 41 Appendix B – Disparity Test Methods ....................................................................................................... 42 B.1 Residential Population Comparison Analysis Methodology ............................................................ 42 B.1.1 Census Table B03002 ................................................................................................................ 44 B.2 Statewide Per Capita Stop Action Rates Methodology .................................................................... 45 B.3 Discovery Rate Analysis Methodology ............................................................................................ 45 Appendix C – Disparity Test Tables ........................................................................................................... 47 C.1 Residential Population Comparison Tables ...................................................................................... 47 C.1.1 Per Capita Rates by Race and/or Ethnicity ................................................................................ 47 1 C.1.2 RIPA Stop Distribution Compared to Statewide Population Distribution by Race and/or Ethnicity .............................................................................................................................................. 47 C.2 Search and Discovery Rate Regression Analysis Tables ................................................................. 49 C.2.1 Regression Statistics for Search Rates by Race and/or Ethnicity .............................................. 49 C.2.2 Regression Statistics for Search Discovery Rates by Race and/or Ethnicity ............................ 50 Appendix D – LETTERS FROM THE RACIAL AND iDENTITY PROFILING BOARD ..................... 52 D.1.1 Racial and Identity Profiling Board, Letter to the Legislature in Support of AB 93 (March 16, 2023) ................................................................................................................................................... 52 D.1.2 Racial and Identity Profiling Board, Letter to the Legislature in Support of SB 50 (March 21, 2023) ................................................................................................................................................... 57 2 APPENDIX A – REPORT BODY DESCRIPTIVE TABLES A.1 Stops by Identity Group and Reason for Stop Identity Group Reasonable Suspicion Traffic Violation Other Reasons Total Asian 17,705 (7.1%) 229,340 (91.6%) 3,338 (1.3%) 250,383 (100%) Black 113,456 (19.9%) 435,136 (76.1%) 22,832 (4.0%) 571,424 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 263,481 (13.4%) 1,627,841 (82.9%) 73,391 (3.7%) 1,964,713 (100%) Middle Eastern/South 11,013 (5.3%) 194,346 (93.7%) 1,979 (1.0%) 207,338 (100%) Asian Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 7,646 (14.7%) 42,338 (81.5%) 1,991 (3.8%) 51,975 (100%) Native American 2,838 (20.3%) 9,968 (71.3%) 1,171 (8.4%) 13,977 (100%) Pacific Islander 3,480 (13.1%) 22,211 (83.4%) 943 (3.5%) 26,634 (100%) White 231,785 (15.6%) 1,194,923 (80.2%) 62,568 (4.2%) 1,489,276 (100%) Cisgender Female 156,756 (11.9%) 1,119,284 (85.3%) 36,394 (2.8%) 1,312,434 (100%) Gender 1,276 (12.1%) 8,925 (84.6%) 352 (3.3%) 10,553 (100%) Nonconforming* Gender Cisgender Male 490,523 (15.1%) 2,624,500 (80.9%) 130,999 (4.0%) 3,246,022 (100%) Transgender Man/Boy 1,602 (40.2%) 2,082 (52.2%) 305 (7.6%) 3,989 (100%) Transgender 1,247 (45.8%) 1,311 (48.2%) 163 (6.0%) 2,721 (100%) Woman/Girl Age Group 1-9 844 (19.1%) 3,271 (74.0%) 308 (7.0%) 4,423 (100%) 3 Identity Group Reasonable Suspicion Traffic Violation Other Reasons Total 10-14 6,998 (55.5%) 3,555 (28.2%) 2,047 (16.2%) 12,600 (100%) 15-17 20,975 (30.8%) 41,857 (61.5%) 5,233 (7.7%) 68,065 (100%) 18-24 75,829 (10.4%) 639,001 (87.5%) 15,441 (2.1%) 730,271 (100%) 25-34 216,935 (14.8%) 1,192,691 (81.3%) 57,318 (3.9%) 1,466,944 (100%) 35-44 170,188 (15.7%) 864,045 (79.8%) 48,413 (4.5%) 1,082,646 (100%) 45-54 96,901 (14.2%) 557,969 (82.0%) 25,286 (3.7%) 680,156 (100%) 55-64 47,488 (12.9%) 310,701 (84.2%) 10,868 (2.9%) 369,057 (100%) 65+ 15,234 (9.4%) 143,005 (88.5%) 3,297 (2.0%) 161,536 (100%) LGBT 9,847 (25.4%) 26,793 (69.0%) 2,175 (5.6%) 38,815 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 641,557 (14.1%) 3,729,312 (82.2%) 166,039 (3.7%) 4,536,908 (100%) English Fluent 618,620 (14.2%) 3,588,086 (82.1%) 162,167 (3.7%) 4,368,873 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English 32,784 (15.8%) 168,019 (81.2%) 6,047 (2.9%) 206,850 (100%) Fluency Disability 42,107 (65.4%) 13,055 (20.3%) 9,270 (14.4%) 64,432 (100%) Disability No Disability 609,289 (13.5%) 3,743,034 (83.0%) 158,942 (3.5%) 4,511,265 (100%) Overall 651,404 (14.2%) 3,756,105 (82.1%) 168,214 (3.7%) 4,575,723 (100%) *A regulations update, which was approved after the 2021 data collection period, has since changed the value label for this gender identity category to “nonbinary person.” 4 A.2 Stops by Identity Group and Traffic Violation Type Identity Group Equipment Moving Non-moving Total Asian 30,784 (13.4%) 172,276 (75.1%) 26,278 (11.5%) 229,338 (100%) Black 95,194 (21.9%) 269,487 (61.9%) 70,454 (16.2%) 435,135 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 364,486 (22.4%) 1,042,036 (64.0%) 221,312 (13.6%) 1,627,834 (100%) Middle Eastern/South 28,003 (14.4%) 143,939 (74.1%) 22,403 (11.5%) 194,345 (100%) Asian Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 8,636 (20.4%) 28,021 (66.2%) 5,681 (13.4%) 42,338 (100%) Native American 2,302 (23.1%) 6,072 (60.9%) 1,594 (16.0%) 9,968 (100%) Pacific Islander 4,334 (19.5%) 14,634 (65.9%) 3,243 (14.6%) 22,211 (100%) White 207,998 (17.4%) 804,786 (67.4%) 182,134 (15.2%) 1,194,918 (100%) Cisgender Female 182,981 (16.3%) 779,360 (69.6%) 156,937 (14.0%) 1,119,278 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 1,482 (16.6%) 6,385 (71.5%) 1,058 (11.9%) 8,925 (100%) Cisgender Male 556,479 (21.2%) 1,693,411 (64.5%) 374,600 (14.3%) 2,624,490 (100%) Gender Transgender Man/Boy 504 (24.2%) 1,259 (60.5%) 319 (15.3%) 2,082 (100%) Transgender 290 (22.1%) 836 (63.8%) 185 (14.1%) 1,311 (100%) Woman/Girl 1-9 982 (30.0%) 1,936 (59.2%) 353 (10.8%) 3,271 (100%) Age Group 10-14 999 (28.1%) 2,127 (59.8%) 429 (12.1%) 3,555 (100%) 15-17 8,236 (19.7%) 30,071 (71.8%) 3,550 (8.5%) 41,857 (100%) 5 Identity Group Equipment Moving Non-moving Total 18-24 123,278 (19.3%) 445,893 (69.8%) 69,824 (10.9%) 638,995 (100%) 25-34 250,179 (21.0%) 768,820 (64.5%) 173,688 (14.6%) 1,192,687 (100%) Age Group 35-44 176,138 (20.4%) 552,468 (63.9%) 135,436 (15.7%) 864,042 (100%) 45-54 109,398 (19.6%) 363,493 (65.1%) 85,076 (15.2%) 557,967 (100%) 55-64 54,065 (17.4%) 209,880 (67.6%) 46,756 (15.0%) 310,701 (100%) 65+ 18,460 (12.9%) 106,558 (74.5%) 17,986 (12.6%) 143,004 (100%) LGBT 5,196 (19.4%) 18,199 (67.9%) 3,398 (12.7%) 26,793 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 736,541 (19.8%) 2,463,053 (66.0%) 529,701 (14.2%) 3,729,295 (100%) English Fluent 703,167 (19.6%) 2,373,288 (66.1%) 511,614 (14.3%) 3,588,069 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English 38,570 (23.0%) 107,964 (64.3%) 21,485 (12.8%) 168,019 (100%) Fluency Disability 3,000 (23.0%) 7,876 (60.3%) 2,178 (16.7%) 13,054 (100%) Disability No Disability 738,734 (19.7%) 2,473,366 (66.1%) 530,919 (14.2%) 3,743,019 (100%) Overall 741,737 (19.7%) 2,481,252 (66.1%) 533,099 (14.2%) 3,756,088 (100%) 6 A.3 Stops by Identity Group and Reason for Stop - Reasonable Suspicion Subcategories Suspected Actions Matched Carrying Actions Officer Witness Drug of Acting Indicative Identity Group Suspect Suspicious Indicative Other Witness Identification Transaction as of Violent Description Object of Casing Lookout Crime 5,923 4,369 3,249 200 122 227 65 205 6,061 Asian (33.5%) (24.7%) (18.4%) (1.1%) (0.7%) (1.3%) (0.4%) (1.2%) (34.2%) 44,242 32,131 22,219 2,102 976 1,075 493 1,361 31,687 Black (39.0%) (28.3%) (19.6%) (1.9%) (0.9%) (0.9%) (0.4%) (1.2%) (27.9%) 90,474 76,236 40,678 4,366 2,398 3,702 1,550 2,937 81,370 Hispanic/Latine(x) (34.3%) (28.9%) (15.4%) (1.7%) (0.9%) (1.4%) (0.6%) (1.1%) (30.9%) Race Middle and/or Eastern/South 3,841 (34.9%) 2,724 (24.7%) 2,149 (19.5%) 114 (1.0%) 62 (0.6%) 155 (1.4%) 42 (0.4%) 183 (1.7%) 3,609 (32.8%) Ethnicity Asian Multiracial 2,925 (38.3%) 2,174 (28.4%) 1,338 (17.5%) 160 (2.1%) 73 (1.0%) 149 (1.9%) 74 (1.0%) 111 (1.5%) 2,407 (31.5%) Native American 972 (34.3%) 705 (24.9%) 389 (13.7%) 32 (1.1%) 20 (0.7%) 32 (1.1%) 6 (0.2%) 66 (2.3%) 1,079 (38.1%) Pacific Islander 1,237 (35.5%) 912 (26.2%) 525 (15.1%) 44 (1.3%) 21 (0.6%) 48 (1.4%) 16 (0.5%) 42 (1.2%) 1,185 (34.1%) 81,462 67,992 29,543 2,672 1,607 3,061 787 2,277 75,297 White (35.2%) (29.3%) (12.7%) (1.2%) (0.7%) (1.3%) (0.3%) (1.0%) (32.5%) Gender 51,925 42,469 25,357 1,208 1,115 1,464 737 1,680 52,998 Cisgender Female (33.1%) (27.1%) (16.2%) (0.8%) (0.7%) (0.9%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (33.8%) Gender 398 (31.2%) 276 (21.6%) 208 (16.3%) 30 (2.4%) 17 (1.3%) 32 (2.5%) 10 (0.8%) 31 (2.4%) 481 (37.7%) Nonconforming 7 Suspected Actions Matched Carrying Actions Officer Witness Drug of Acting Indicative Identity Group Suspect Suspicious Indicative Other Witness Identification Transaction as of Violent Description Object of Casing Lookout Crime 177,691 143,695 73,828 8,424 4,129 6,934 2,277 5,448 148,437 Cisgender Male (36.2%) (29.3%) (15.1%) (1.7%) (0.8%) (1.4%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (30.3%) Gender Transgender 605 (37.8%) 439 (27.4%) 392 (24.5%) 19 (1.2%) 12 (0.7%) 8 (0.5%) 6 (0.4%) 12 (0.7%) 449 (28.0%) Man/Boy Transgender 457 (36.6%) 364 (29.2%) 305 (24.5%) 9 (0.7%) 6 (0.5%) 11 (0.9%) 3 (0.2%) 11 (0.9%) 330 (26.5%) Woman/Girl 1-9 231 (27.4%) 148 (17.5%) 114 (13.5%) 8 (0.9%) 6 (0.7%) 7 (0.8%) 0 (0.0%) 14 (1.7%) 396 (46.9%) 10-14 2,495 (35.7%) 911 (13.0%) 1,537 (22.0%) 128 (1.8%) 51 (0.7%) 35 (0.5%) 27 (0.4%) 146 (2.1%) 2,663 (38.1%) 15-17 7,414 (35.4%) 4,015 (19.2%) 3,898 (18.6%) 472 (2.3%) 164 (0.8%) 195 (0.9%) 106 (0.5%) 504 (2.4%) 7,653 (36.5%) 23,645 22,851 10,443 1,407 673 1,112 567 1,066 25,305 18-24 (31.2%) (30.1%) (13.8%) (1.9%) (0.9%) (1.5%) (0.7%) (1.4%) (33.4%) 80,552 60,097 34,514 3,510 1,863 3,064 1,063 2,415 66,498 Age 25-34 (37.1%) (27.7%) (15.9%) (1.6%) (0.9%) (1.4%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (30.7%) Group 63,021 48,140 26,486 2,395 1,394 2,331 757 1,674 51,973 35-44 (37.0%) (28.3%) (15.6%) (1.4%) (0.8%) (1.4%) (0.4%) (1.0%) (30.5%) 33,381 30,350 13,825 1,170 733 1,114 368 833 29,460 45-54 (34.5%) (31.3%) (14.3%) (1.2%) (0.8%) (1.1%) (0.4%) (0.9%) (30.4%) 55-64 15,437 (32.5%) 16,191 (34.1%) 6,801 (14.3%) 477 (1.0%) 328 (0.7%) 498 (1.0%) 119 (0.3%) 399 (0.8%) 13,871 (29.2%) 65+ 4,898 (32.2%) 4,535 (29.8%) 2,472 (16.2%) 123 (0.8%) 66 (0.4%) 93 (0.6%) 26 (0.2%) 131 (0.9%) 4,870 (32.0%) 8 Suspected Actions Matched Carrying Actions Officer Witness Drug of Acting Indicative Identity Group Suspect Suspicious Indicative Other Witness Identification Transaction as of Violent Description Object of Casing Lookout Crime LGBT 3,918 (39.8%) 2,519 (25.6%) 2,017 (20.5%) 96 (1.0%) 59 (0.6%) 114 (1.2%) 38 (0.4%) 119 (1.2%) 2,665 (27.1%) LGBT 227,158 184,724 98,073 9,594 5,220 8,335 2,995 7,063 200,030 Non-LGBT (35.4%) (28.8%) (15.3%) (1.5%) (0.8%) (1.3%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (31.2%) 220,767 176,592 93,433 9,252 5,019 8,034 2,883 6,834 193,165 English Fluent Limited (35.7%) (28.5%) (15.1%) (1.5%) (0.8%) (1.3%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (31.2%) English Fluency Limited/No 10,309 (31.4%) 10,651 (32.5%) 6,657 (20.3%) 438 (1.3%) 260 (0.8%) 415 (1.3%) 150 (0.5%) 348 (1.1%) 9,530 (29.1%) English Fluency Disability 18,434 (43.8%) 6,781 (16.1%) 8,594 (20.4%) 593 (1.4%) 104 (0.2%) 285 (0.7%) 48 (0.1%) 445 (1.1%) 15,725 (37.4%) Disability 212,638 180,461 91,496 9,096 5,175 8,164 2,985 6,733 186,968 No Disability (34.9%) (29.6%) (15.0%) (1.5%) (0.8%) (1.3%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (30.7%) 231,076 187,243 100,090 9,690 5,279 8,449 3,033 7,182 202,695 Overall (35.5%) (28.7%) (15.4%) (1.5%) (0.8%) (1.3%) (0.5%) (1.1%) (31.1%) 9 A.4 Stops by Identity Group and Calls for Service Identity Group Officer-Initiated Stops Call for Service Stops Total Asian 236,270 (94.4%) 14,113 (5.6%) 250,383 (100%) Black 498,734 (87.3%) 72,690 (12.7%) 571,424 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 1,795,149 (91.4%) 169,565 (8.6%) 1,964,714 (100%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 198,982 (96.0%) 8,356 (4.0%) 207,338 (100%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 46,668 (89.8%) 5,307 (10.2%) 51,975 (100%) Native American 11,804 (84.5%) 2,173 (15.5%) 13,977 (100%) Pacific Islander 24,169 (90.7%) 2,465 (9.3%) 26,634 (100%) White 1,337,855 (89.8%) 151,422 (10.2%) 1,489,277 (100%) Cisgender Female 1,203,729 (91.7%) 108,705 (8.3%) 1,312,434 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 9,611 (91.1%) 942 (8.9%) 10,553 (100%) Gender Cisgender Male 2,931,584 (90.3%) 314,440 (9.7%) 3,246,024 (100%) Transgender Man/Boy 2,844 (71.3%) 1,145 (28.7%) 3,989 (100%) Transgender Woman/Girl 1,862 (68.4%) 859 (31.6%) 2,721 (100%) 1-9 3,827 (86.5%) 596 (13.5%) 4,423 (100%) Age Group 10-14 6,748 (53.6%) 5,852 (46.4%) 12,600 (100%) 15-17 53,072 (78.0%) 14,994 (22.0%) 68,066 (100%) 18-24 683,339 (93.6%) 46,932 (6.4%) 730,271 (100%) 10 Identity Group Officer-Initiated Stops Call for Service Stops Total 25-34 1,322,843 (90.2%) 144,101 (9.8%) 1,466,944 (100%) 35-44 970,213 (89.6%) 112,433 (10.4%) 1,082,646 (100%) Age Group 45-54 619,358 (91.1%) 60,799 (8.9%) 680,157 (100%) 55-64 339,674 (92.0%) 29,383 (8.0%) 369,057 (100%) 65+ 150,544 (93.2%) 10,992 (6.8%) 161,536 (100%) LGBT 31,870 (82.1%) 6,945 (17.9%) 38,815 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 4,117,763 (90.8%) 419,147 (9.2%) 4,536,910 (100%) English Fluent 3,965,697 (90.8%) 403,178 (9.2%) 4,368,875 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 183,936 (88.9%) 22,914 (11.1%) 206,850 (100%) Disability 26,875 (41.7%) 37,557 (58.3%) 64,432 (100%) Disability No Disability 4,122,738 (91.4%) 388,529 (8.6%) 4,511,267 (100%) Overall 4,149,633 (90.7%) 426,092 (9.3%) 4,575,725 (100%) 11 A.5 Stops by Identity Group and Calls for Service without Traffic Violations Identity Group Officer-Initiated Stops Call for Service Stops Total Asian 9,755 (46.4%) 11,288 (53.6%) 21,043 (100%) Black 68,544 (50.3%) 67,744 (49.7%) 136,288 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 188,169 (55.9%) 148,703 (44.1%) 336,872 (100%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 5,975 (46.0%) 7,017 (54.0%) 12,992 (100%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 4,804 (49.8%) 4,833 (50.2%) 9,637 (100%) Native American 1,948 (48.6%) 2,061 (51.4%) 4,009 (100%) Pacific Islander 2,158 (48.8%) 2,265 (51.2%) 4,423 (100%) White 155,564 (52.8%) 138,789 (47.2%) 294,353 (100%) Cisgender Female 96,166 (49.8%) 96,984 (50.2%) 193,150 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 792 (48.6%) 836 (51.4%) 1,628 (100%) Gender Cisgender Male 338,510 (54.5%) 283,012 (45.5%) 621,522 (100%) Transgender Man/Boy 854 (44.8%) 1,053 (55.2%) 1,907 (100%) Transgender Woman/Girl 595 (42.2%) 815 (57.8%) 1,410 (100%) 1-9 605 (52.5%) 547 (47.5%) 1,152 (100%) Age Group 10-14 3,315 (36.7%) 5,730 (63.3%) 9,045 (100%) 15-17 12,068 (46.0%) 14,140 (54.0%) 26,208 (100%) 18-24 51,779 (56.7%) 39,491 (43.3%) 91,270 (100%) 12 Identity Group Officer-Initiated Stops Call for Service Stops Total 25-34 144,196 (52.6%) 130,057 (47.4%) 274,253 (100%) 35-44 116,054 (53.1%) 102,547 (46.9%) 218,601 (100%) Age Group 45-54 67,277 (55.1%) 54,910 (44.9%) 122,187 (100%) 55-64 32,338 (55.4%) 26,018 (44.6%) 58,356 (100%) 65+ 9,279 (50.1%) 9,252 (49.9%) 18,531 (100%) LGBT 5,672 (47.2%) 6,350 (52.8%) 12,022 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 431,245 (53.4%) 376,351 (46.6%) 807,596 (100%) English Fluent 416,861 (53.4%) 363,926 (46.6%) 780,787 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 20,056 (51.6%) 18,775 (48.4%) 38,831 (100%) Disability 14,803 (28.8%) 36,574 (71.2%) 51,377 (100%) Disability No Disability 422,110 (54.9%) 346,121 (45.1%) 768,231 (100%) Overall 436,917 (53.3%) 382,701 (46.7%) 819,618 (100%) 13 A.6 Stops by Identity Group and Average Actions Taken During Stop Overall Average Actions Average Actions Taken Identity Group Taken During Stops with Actions Asian 1.15 2.24 Black 1.53 2.57 Hispanic/Latine(x) 1.40 2.48 Middle Eastern/South Asian 1.11 2.16 Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 1.42 2.66 Native American 1.55 2.49 Pacific Islander 1.34 2.57 White 1.34 2.47 Cisgender Female 1.23 2.20 Gender Nonconforming 1.34 2.52 Gender Cisgender Male 1.43 2.56 Transgender Man/Boy 1.71 2.42 Transgender Woman/Girl 1.75 2.46 1-9 1.21 1.77 Age Group 10-14 1.54 1.96 15-17 1.51 2.22 14 Overall Average Actions Average Actions Taken Identity Group Taken During Stops with Actions 18-24 1.31 2.37 25-34 1.43 2.55 Age Group 35-44 1.43 2.58 45-54 1.32 2.43 55-64 1.23 2.30 65+ 1.13 2.05 Non-LGBT 1.37 2.48 LGBT LGBT 1.56 2.54 Limited/No English Fluency 1.37 2.48 Limited English Fluency English Fluent 1.43 2.46 No Disability 1.36 2.48 Disability Disability 2.04 2.50 Overall 1.37 2.48 15 A.7 Stops by Identity Group and Overall Actions Taken During Stop Actions Taken During No Actions Taken Identity Group Total Stop During Stop Asian 31,119 (12.4%) 219,239 (87.6%) 250,358 (100%) Black 191,972 (33.6%) 379,443 (66.4%) 571,415 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 532,031 (27.1%) 1,432,637 (72.9%) 1,964,668 (100%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 20,450 (9.9%) 186,885 (90.1%) 207,335 (100%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 13,144 (25.3%) 38,831 (74.7%) 51,975 (100%) Native American 5,169 (37.0%) 8,807 (63.0%) 13,976 (100%) Pacific Islander 5,862 (22.0%) 20,772 (78.0%) 26,634 (100%) White 345,127 (23.2%) 1,144,135 (76.8%) 1,489,262 (100%) Cisgender Female 250,327 (19.1%) 1,062,091 (80.9%) 1,312,418 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 2,328 (22.1%) 8,225 (77.9%) 10,553 (100%) Gender Cisgender Male 888,823 (27.4%) 2,357,118 (72.6%) 3,245,941 (100%) Transgender Man/Boy 1,995 (50.0%) 1,994 (50.0%) 3,989 (100%) Transgender Woman/Girl 1,401 (51.5%) 1,320 (48.5%) 2,721 (100%) 1-9 1,227 (27.7%) 3,196 (72.3%) 4,423 (100%) Age Group 10-14 7,163 (56.9%) 5,436 (43.1%) 12,599 (100%) 15-17 28,320 (41.6%) 39,745 (58.4%) 68,065 (100%) 16 Actions Taken During No Actions Taken Identity Group Total Stop During Stop 18-24 166,442 (22.8%) 563,812 (77.2%) 730,254 (100%) 25-34 412,147 (28.1%) 1,054,756 (71.9%) 1,466,903 (100%) Age Group 35-44 292,812 (27.0%) 789,814 (73.0%) 1,082,626 (100%) 45-54 151,203 (22.2%) 528,947 (77.8%) 680,150 (100%) 55-64 65,781 (17.8%) 303,266 (82.2%) 369,047 (100%) 65+ 19,769 (12.2%) 141,768 (87.8%) 161,537 (100%) LGBT 14,110 (36.4%) 24,703 (63.6%) 38,813 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 1,130,765 (24.9%) 3,406,048 (75.1%) 4,536,813 (100%) English Fluent 1,084,628 (24.8%) 3,284,160 (75.2%) 4,368,788 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 60,247 (29.1%) 146,591 (70.9%) 206,838 (100%) Disability 44,824 (69.6%) 19,603 (30.4%) 64,427 (100%) Disability No Disability 1,100,036 (24.4%) 3,411,137 (75.6%) 4,511,173 (100%) Overall 1,144,875 (25.0%) 3,430,751 (75.0%) 4,575,626 (100%) 17 A.8 Stops by Identity Group and Actions Taken During Stop Ordered Vehicle Identity Group Searched Handcuffed Detained Exit Asian 13,989 (5.6%) 11,310 (4.5%) 18,090 (7.2%) 4,946 (2.0%) Black 117,469 (20.6%) 90,056 (15.8%) 115,352 (20.2%) 40,285 (7.1%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 292,508 (14.9%) 211,660 (10.8%) 312,432 (15.9%) 114,583 (5.8%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 8,714 (4.2%) 7,543 (3.6%) 11,259 (5.4%) 3,317 (1.6%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 7,378 (14.2%) 5,892 (11.3%) 8,077 (15.5%) 2,930 (5.6%) Native American 3,125 (22.4%) 2,483 (17.8%) 2,786 (19.9%) 840 (6.0%) Pacific Islander 3,311 (12.4%) 2,547 (9.6%) 3,249 (12.2%) 1,078 (4.0%) White 184,787 (12.4%) 142,347 (9.6%) 204,377 (13.7%) 52,506 (3.5%) Cisgender Female 113,116 (8.6%) 93,168 (7.1%) 147,959 (11.3%) 44,690 (3.4%) Gender Nonconforming 1,269 (12.0%) 932 (8.8%) 1,228 (11.6%) 668 (6.3%) Gender Cisgender Male 515,043 (15.9%) 377,767 (11.6%) 524,478 (16.2%) 174,707 (5.4%) Transgender Man/Boy 1,084 (27.2%) 1,157 (29.0%) 1,132 (28.4%) 247 (6.2%) Transgender Woman/Girl 769 (28.3%) 814 (29.9%) 825 (30.3%) 173 (6.4%) 1-9 473 (10.7%) 232 (5.2%) 674 (15.2%) 147 (3.3%) Age Group 10-14 3,096 (24.6%) 2,418 (19.2%) 4,145 (32.9%) 390 (3.1%) 15-17 14,042 (20.6%) 10,783 (15.8%) 16,221 (23.8%) 4,867 (7.2%) 18 Ordered Vehicle Identity Group Searched Handcuffed Detained Exit 18-24 87,405 (12.0%) 61,896 (8.5%) 93,745 (12.8%) 42,851 (5.9%) 25-34 236,419 (16.1%) 177,460 (12.1%) 242,917 (16.6%) 85,476 (5.8%) Age Group 35-44 169,008 (15.6%) 127,921 (11.8%) 176,174 (16.3%) 52,683 (4.9%) 45-54 80,015 (11.8%) 60,801 (8.9%) 91,424 (13.4%) 23,230 (3.4%) 55-64 32,423 (8.8%) 25,559 (6.9%) 39,288 (10.6%) 8,642 (2.3%) 65+ 8,396 (5.2%) 6,761 (4.2%) 11,031 (6.8%) 2,199 (1.4%) LGBT 7,825 (20.2%) 6,925 (17.8%) 8,570 (22.1%) 2,368 (6.1%) LGBT Non-LGBT 623,456 (13.7%) 466,914 (10.3%) 667,053 (14.7%) 218,117 (4.8%) English Fluent 599,936 (13.7%) 448,170 (10.3%) 643,828 (14.7%) 207,248 (4.7%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English 31,345 (15.2%) 25,669 (12.4%) 31,795 (15.4%) 13,237 (6.4%) Fluency Disability 27,538 (42.7%) 26,831 (41.6%) 27,171 (42.2%) 2,170 (3.4%) Disability No Disability 603,740 (13.4%) 447,005 (9.9%) 648,446 (14.4%) 218,313 (4.8%) Overall 631,281 (13.8%) 473,839 (10.4%) 675,623 (14.8%) 220,485 (4.8%) 19 A.9 All Actions Taken During Stop by Race and/or Ethnicity Middle Hispanic/Latine Native Pacific Action Taken Asian Black Eastern/Sout Multiracial White (x) American Islander h Asian Removed from Vehicle 4,946 (2.0%) 40,285 (7.1%) 114,583 (5.8%) 3,317 (1.6%) 2,930 (5.6%) 840 (6.0%) 1,078 (4.0%) 52,506 (3.5%) by Order Removed from Vehicle 690 (0.3%) 7,311 (1.3%) 16,072 (0.8%) 394 (0.2%) 512 (1.0%) 103 (0.7%) 191 (0.7%) 6,842 (0.5%) by Physical Contact Field Sobriety Test 3,510 (1.4%) 8,965 (1.6%) 49,468 (2.5%) 2,516 (1.2%) 831 (1.6%) 389 (2.8%) 614 (2.3%) 27,979 (1.9%) Curbside Detention 9,557 (3.8%) 63,004 (11.0%) 178,667 (9.1%) 6,269 (3.0%) 4,680 (9.0%) 1,484 (10.6%) 1,854 (7.0%) 131,368 (8.8%) Handcuffed 11,310 (4.5%) 90,056 (15.8%) 211,660 (10.8%) 7,543 (3.6%) 5,892 (11.3%) 2,483 (17.8%) 2,547 (9.6%) 142,347 (9.6%) Patrol Car Detention 9,667 (3.9%) 62,434 (10.9%) 157,306 (8.0%) 5,728 (2.8%) 4,225 (8.1%) 1,551 (11.1%) 1,693 (6.4%) 90,093 (6.0%) Canine Search 127 (0.1%) 510 (0.1%) 1,998 (0.1%) 63 (0.0%) 56 (0.1%) 28 (0.2%) 21 (0.1%) 1,359 (0.1%) Firearm Point 598 (0.2%) 5,828 (1.0%) 12,117 (0.6%) 356 (0.2%) 330 (0.6%) 101 (0.7%) 153 (0.6%) 6,154 (0.4%) Firearm Discharge 19 (0.0%) 69 (0.0%) 165 (0.0%) 7 (0.0%) 5 (0.0%) 2 (0.0%) 1 (0.0%) 102 (0.0%) Electronic Control Device 30 (0.0%) 372 (0.1%) 674 (0.0%) 24 (0.0%) 24 (0.0%) 17 (0.1%) 10 (0.0%) 500 (0.0%) Impact Projectile 10 (0.0%) 85 (0.0%) 209 (0.0%) 4 (0.0%) 8 (0.0%) 2 (0.0%) 4 (0.0%) 137 (0.0%) Discharge Canine Bite 22 (0.0%) 100 (0.0%) 239 (0.0%) 10 (0.0%) 10 (0.0%) 8 (0.1%) 5 (0.0%) 192 (0.0%) Baton 2 (0.0%) 50 (0.0%) 136 (0.0%) 3 (0.0%) 7 (0.0%) 2 (0.0%) 2 (0.0%) 104 (0.0%) Chemical Spray 19 (0.0%) 110 (0.0%) 170 (0.0%) 4 (0.0%) 13 (0.0%) 8 (0.1%) 6 (0.0%) 144 (0.0%) 20 Middle Hispanic/Latine Native Pacific Action Taken Asian Black Eastern/Sout Multiracial White (x) American Islander h Asian Other Physical of Vehicle 2,410 (1.0%) 8,082 (1.4%) 22,846 (1.2%) 1,953 (0.9%) 713 (1.4%) 258 (1.8%) 362 (1.4%) 23,513 (1.6%) Contact Person Photographed 1,265 (0.5%) 5,762 (1.0%) 17,593 (0.9%) 668 (0.3%) 659 (1.3%) 155 (1.1%) 296 (1.1%) 13,408 (0.9%) Asked for Consent to 4,232 (1.7%) 29,395 (5.1%) 98,669 (5.0%) 2,484 (1.2%) 2,656 (5.1%) 654 (4.7%) 1,008 (3.8%) 57,068 (3.8%) Search Person Searched Person 12,710 (5.1%) 106,855 (18.7%) 266,990 (13.6%) 7,962 (3.8%) 6,671 (12.8%) 2,891 (20.7%) 3,028 (11.4%) 170,241 (11.4%) Asked for Consent to 2,882 (1.2%) 21,805 (3.8%) 66,876 (3.4%) 1,786 (0.9%) 1,826 (3.5%) 467 (3.3%) 720 (2.7%) 37,129 (2.5%) Search Property Searched Property 6,509 (2.6%) 60,709 (10.6%) 138,279 (7.0%) 3,797 (1.8%) 3,854 (7.4%) 1,424 (10.2%) 1,623 (6.1%) 89,982 (6.0%) Property Seized 2,412 (1.0%) 12,637 (2.2%) 35,603 (1.8%) 1,300 (0.6%) 1,154 (2.2%) 543 (3.9%) 545 (2.0%) 34,711 (2.3%) Vehicle Impound 1,670 (0.7%) 8,886 (1.6%) 40,827 (2.1%) 1,310 (0.6%) 836 (1.6%) 314 (2.2%) 362 (1.4%) 17,846 (1.2%) Admission/Written Statement Obtained from 26 (0.0%) 115 (0.0%) 673 (0.0%) 14 (0.0%) 34 (0.1%) 4 (0.0%) 5 (0.0%) 241 (0.0%) Student 219,239 379,443 1,432,637 186,885 38,831 8,807 20,772 1,144,135 No Action Taken (87.6%) (66.4%) (72.9%) (90.1%) (74.7%) (63.0%) (78.0%) (76.8%) Search Person Consent 3,802 (89.8%) 26,873 (91.4%) 91,826 (93.1%) 2,254 (90.7%) 2,410 (90.7%) 549 (83.9%) 892 (88.5%) 50,292 (88.1%) Given Search Property Consent 2,499 (86.7%) 19,525 (89.5%) 60,978 (91.2%) 1,587 (88.9%) 1,590 (87.1%) 377 (80.7%) 616 (85.6%) 31,688 (85.3%) Given 21 A.10 All Actions Taken During Stop by Gender Gender Transgender Transgender Action Taken Cisgender Female Cisgender Male Nonconforming Man/Boy Woman/Girl Removed from Vehicle by Order 44,690 (3.4%) 668 (6.3%) 174,707 (5.4%) 247 (6.2%) 173 (6.4%) Removed from Vehicle by Physical 4,776 (0.4%) 194 (1.8%) 27,103 (0.8%) 24 (0.6%) 18 (0.7%) Contact Field Sobriety Test 21,241 (1.6%) 276 (2.6%) 72,633 (2.2%) 75 (1.9%) 47 (1.7%) Curbside Detention 87,836 (6.7%) 429 (4.1%) 307,410 (9.5%) 703 (17.6%) 505 (18.6%) Handcuffed 93,168 (7.1%) 932 (8.8%) 377,767 (11.6%) 1,157 (29.0%) 814 (29.9%) Patrol Car Detention 71,176 (5.4%) 856 (8.1%) 259,682 (8.0%) 564 (14.1%) 419 (15.4%) Canine Search 688 (0.1%) 14 (0.1%) 3,448 (0.1%) 9 (0.2%) 3 (0.1%) Firearm Point 4,185 (0.3%) 39 (0.4%) 21,310 (0.7%) 69 (1.7%) 34 (1.2%) Firearm Discharge 60 (0.0%) 1 (0.0%) 306 (0.0%) 2 (0.1%) 1 (0.0%) Electronic Control Device 114 (0.0%) 5 (0.0%) 1,525 (0.0%) 5 (0.1%) 2 (0.1%) Impact Projectile Discharge 57 (0.0%) 1 (0.0%) 399 (0.0%) 2 (0.1%) 0 (0.0%) Canine Bite 78 (0.0%) 1 (0.0%) 505 (0.0%) 2 (0.1%) 0 (0.0%) Baton 36 (0.0%) 2 (0.0%) 266 (0.0%) 1 (0.0%) 1 (0.0%) Chemical Spray 84 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 387 (0.0%) 3 (0.1%) 0 (0.0%) Other Physical of Vehicle Contact 17,852 (1.4%) 109 (1.0%) 42,033 (1.3%) 81 (2.0%) 62 (2.3%) 22 Gender Transgender Transgender Action Taken Cisgender Female Cisgender Male Nonconforming Man/Boy Woman/Girl Person Photographed 9,222 (0.7%) 94 (0.9%) 30,344 (0.9%) 66 (1.7%) 80 (2.9%) Asked for Consent to Search Person 29,421 (2.2%) 411 (3.9%) 165,947 (5.1%) 234 (5.9%) 153 (5.6%) Searched Person 97,591 (7.4%) 1,130 (10.7%) 476,922 (14.7%) 1,015 (25.4%) 690 (25.4%) Asked for Consent to Search 24,145 (1.8%) 337 (3.2%) 108,698 (3.3%) 182 (4.6%) 129 (4.7%) Property Searched Property 57,797 (4.4%) 689 (6.5%) 246,887 (7.6%) 456 (11.4%) 348 (12.8%) Property Seized 17,279 (1.3%) 182 (1.7%) 71,215 (2.2%) 120 (3.0%) 109 (4.0%) Vehicle Impound 14,747 (1.1%) 174 (1.6%) 57,033 (1.8%) 59 (1.5%) 38 (1.4%) Admission/Written Statement 343 (0.0%) 2 (0.0%) 767 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Obtained from Student No Action Taken 1,062,091 (80.9%) 8,225 (77.9%) 2,357,118 (72.6%) 1,994 (50.0%) 1,320 (48.5%) Search Person Consent Given 26,285 (89.3%) 354 (86.1%) 151,920 (91.5%) 210 (89.7%) 129 (84.3%) Search Property Consent Given 21,192 (87.8%) 289 (85.8%) 97,100 (89.3%) 166 (91.2%) 113 (87.6%) 23 A.11 All Actions Taken During Stop by Age Group Action Taken 1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ 147 390 4,867 42,851 85,476 52,683 23,230 8,642 2,199 Removed from Vehicle by Order (3.3%) (3.1%) (7.2%) (5.9%) (5.8%) (4.9%) (3.4%) (2.3%) (1.4%) Removed from Vehicle by 31 58 682 6,148 12,828 7,994 3,200 951 223 Physical Contact (0.7%) (0.5%) (1.0%) (0.8%) (0.9%) (0.7%) (0.5%) (0.3%) (0.1%) 29 65 691 17,102 35,880 21,094 11,265 5,814 2,332 Field Sobriety Test (0.7%) (0.5%) (1.0%) (2.3%) (2.4%) (1.9%) (1.7%) (1.6%) (1.4%) 313 2,447 10,262 53,321 139,612 103,436 55,874 24,853 6,764 Curbside Detention (7.1%) (19.4%) (15.1%) (7.3%) (9.5%) (9.6%) (8.2%) (6.7%) (4.2%) 232 2,418 10,783 61,896 177,460 127,921 60,801 25,559 6,761 Handcuffed (5.2%) (19.2%) (15.8%) (8.5%) (12.1%) (11.8%) (8.9%) (6.9%) (4.2%) 387 2,010 7,230 47,102 123,248 87,681 42,659 17,387 4,991 Patrol Car Detention (8.7%) (16.0%) (10.6%) (6.5%) (8.4%) (8.1%) (6.3%) (4.7%) (3.1%) 3 13 86 575 1,486 1,171 576 210 42 Canine Search (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.0%) 14 154 1,026 4,375 9,748 6,520 2,670 901 228 Firearm Point (0.3%) (1.2%) (1.5%) (0.6%) (0.7%) (0.6%) (0.4%) (0.2%) (0.1%) 0 2 12 40 152 91 47 24 2 Firearm Discharge (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 0 4 16 144 715 477 217 65 12 Electronic Control Device (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 1 1 1 38 173 144 64 23 14 Impact Projectile Discharge (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 24 Action Taken 1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ 1 0 11 70 229 188 58 23 6 Canine Bite (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 1 1 6 31 135 79 36 15 2 Baton (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 2 2 20 37 187 130 64 23 8 Chemical Spray (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) Other Physical of Vehicle 177 377 1,398 8,581 19,817 14,926 8,762 4,250 1,848 Contact (4.0%) (3.0%) (2.1%) (1.2%) (1.4%) (1.4%) (1.3%) (1.2%) (1.1%) 26 274 1,421 5,270 13,449 10,757 5,399 2,434 775 Person Photographed (0.6%) (2.2%) (2.1%) (0.7%) (0.9%) (1.0%) (0.8%) (0.7%) (0.5%) Asked for Consent to Search 150 706 3,739 24,998 73,453 54,723 26,472 9,770 2,154 Person (3.4%) (5.6%) (5.5%) (3.4%) (5.0%) (5.1%) (3.9%) (2.6%) (1.3%) 373 2,752 12,555 77,701 216,300 156,256 73,813 29,953 7,642 Searched Person (8.4%) (21.8%) (18.4%) (10.6%) (14.7%) (14.4%) (10.9%) (8.1%) (4.7%) Asked for Consent to Search 87 447 2,547 19,755 50,731 35,838 16,903 5,907 1,273 Property (2.0%) (3.5%) (3.7%) (2.7%) (3.5%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (1.6%) (0.8%) 236 1,121 5,944 44,112 116,652 83,027 37,630 14,175 3,277 Searched Property (5.3%) (8.9%) (8.7%) (6.0%) (8.0%) (7.7%) (5.5%) (3.8%) (2.0%) 73 641 2,445 9,124 31,297 26,504 12,562 5,069 1,189 Property Seized (1.7%) (5.1%) (3.6%) (1.2%) (2.1%) (2.4%) (1.8%) (1.4%) (0.7%) 30 82 1,327 13,741 26,676 17,048 8,296 3,780 1,070 Vehicle Impound (0.7%) (0.7%) (1.9%) (1.9%) (1.8%) (1.6%) (1.2%) (1.0%) (0.7%) Admission/Written Statement 6 453 618 31 3 0 0 0 1 Obtained from Student (0.1%) (3.6%) (0.9%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 25 Action Taken 1-9 10-14 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+ 3,196 5,436 39,745 563,812 1,054,756 789,814 528,947 303,266 141,766 No Action Taken (72.3%) (43.1%) (58.4%) (77.2%) (71.9%) (73.0%) (77.8%) (82.2%) (87.8%) 139 622 3,293 23,130 67,223 49,710 24,002 8,848 1,930 Search Person Consent Given (92.7%) (88.1%) (88.1%) (92.5%) (91.5%) (90.8%) (90.7%) (90.6%) (89.6%) 77 407 2,203 17,807 45,276 31,788 14,961 5,229 1,110 Search Property Consent Given (88.5%) (91.1%) (86.5%) (90.1%) (89.2%) (88.7%) (88.5%) (88.5%) (87.2%) 26 A.12 All Actions Taken During Stop by LGBT, Limited English Fluency, or Disability Group Limited/No English Action Taken Non-LGBT LGBT English No Disability Disability Fluent Fluency 218,117 2,368 207,248 13,237 218,313 2,170 Removed from Vehicle by Order (4.8%) (6.1%) (4.7%) (6.4%) (4.8%) (3.4%) 31,721 394 30,876 1,239 31,672 443 Removed from Vehicle by Physical Contact (0.7%) (1.0%) (0.7%) (0.6%) (0.7%) (0.7%) 92,949 1,323 83,338 10,934 93,216 1,050 Field Sobriety Test (2.0%) (3.4%) (1.9%) (5.3%) (2.1%) (1.6%) 392,150 4,734 376,707 20,177 381,983 14,896 Curbside Detention (8.6%) (12.2%) (8.6%) (9.8%) (8.5%) (23.1%) 466,914 6,925 448,170 25,669 447,005 26,831 Handcuffed (10.3%) (17.8%) (10.3%) (12.4%) (9.9%) (41.6%) 328,012 4,685 318,338 14,359 317,232 15,464 Patrol Car Detention (7.2%) (12.1%) (7.3%) (6.9%) (7.0%) (24.0%) 4,123 39 3,805 357 4,078 84 Canine Search (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.1%) (0.2%) (0.1%) (0.1%) 25,353 284 24,225 1,412 24,807 830 Firearm Point (0.6%) (0.7%) (0.6%) (0.7%) (0.5%) (1.3%) 365 5 359 11 346 24 Firearm Discharge (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 1,620 31 1,581 70 1,455 196 Electronic Control Device (0.0%) (0.1%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.3%) 449 10 430 29 394 65 Impact Projectile Discharge (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.1%) 27 Limited/No English Action Taken Non-LGBT LGBT English No Disability Disability Fluent Fluency 579 7 552 34 555 31 Canine Bite (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 299 7 293 13 285 21 Baton (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) 464 10 455 19 422 52 Chemical Spray (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.1%) 59,560 577 57,994 2,143 57,969 2,168 Other Physical of Vehicle Contact (1.3%) (1.5%) (1.3%) (1.0%) (1.3%) (3.4%) 39,239 567 36,621 3,185 37,810 1,996 Person Photographed (0.9%) (1.5%) (0.8%) (1.5%) (0.8%) (3.1%) 193,816 2,350 188,009 8,157 189,313 6,852 Asked for Consent to Search Person (4.3%) (6.1%) (4.3%) (3.9%) (4.2%) (10.6%) 570,113 7,235 549,096 28,252 551,453 25,893 Searched Person (12.6%) (18.6%) (12.6%) (13.7%) (12.2%) (40.2%) 132,046 1,445 127,746 5,745 130,467 3,023 Asked for Consent to Search Property (2.9%) (3.7%) (2.9%) (2.8%) (2.9%) (4.7%) 302,837 3,340 292,790 13,387 297,663 8,512 Searched Property (6.7%) (8.6%) (6.7%) (6.5%) (6.6%) (13.2%) 87,894 1,011 83,890 5,015 86,086 2,818 Property Seized (1.9%) (2.6%) (1.9%) (2.4%) (1.9%) (4.4%) 71,252 799 63,866 8,185 71,367 684 Vehicle Impound (1.6%) (2.1%) (1.5%) (4.0%) (1.6%) (1.1%) 28 Limited/No English Action Taken Non-LGBT LGBT English No Disability Disability Fluent Fluency Admission/Written Statement Obtained 1,099 13 1,083 29 1,069 43 from Student (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.1%) 3,406,048 24,703 3,284,160 146,591 3,411,137 19,603 No Action Taken (75.1%) (63.6%) (75.2%) (70.9%) (75.6%) (30.4%) 176,745 2,153 171,229 7,669 172,784 6,113 Search Person Consent Given (91.2%) (91.6%) (91.1%) (94.0%) (91.3%) (89.2%) 117,574 1,286 113,458 5,402 116,211 2,648 Search Property Consent Given (89.0%) (89.0%) (88.8%) (94.0%) (89.1%) (87.6%) 29 A.13 Stops by Identity Group and Search/Discovery Rates Identity Group Search Rate Contraband/Evidence Discovered Asian 13,989 (5.6%) 3,872 (27.7%) Black 117,469 (20.6%) 32,097 (27.3%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 292,508 (14.9%) 75,533 (25.8%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 8,714 (4.2%) 2,109 (24.2%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 7,378 (14.2%) 2,151 (29.2%) Native American 3,125 (22.4%) 913 (29.2%) Pacific Islander 3,311 (12.4%) 899 (27.2%) White 184,787 (12.4%) 54,989 (29.8%) Cisgender Female 113,116 (8.6%) 29,808 (26.4%) Gender Nonconforming 1,269 (12.0%) 324 (25.5%) Gender Cisgender Male 515,043 (15.9%) 141,991 (27.6%) Transgender Man/Boy 1,084 (27.2%) 249 (23.0%) Transgender Woman/Girl 769 (28.3%) 191 (24.8%) 1-9 473 (10.7%) 162 (34.2%) 10-14 3,096 (24.6%) 724 (23.4%) Age Group 15-17 14,042 (20.6%) 4,180 (29.8%) 18-24 87,405 (12.0%) 21,952 (25.1%) 30 Identity Group Search Rate Contraband/Evidence Discovered 25-34 236,419 (16.1%) 63,926 (27.0%) 35-44 169,008 (15.6%) 48,677 (28.8%) Age Group 45-54 80,015 (11.8%) 22,518 (28.1%) 55-64 32,423 (8.8%) 8,620 (26.6%) 65+ 8,397 (5.2%) 1,803 (21.5%) LGBT 7,825 (20.2%) 1,885 (24.1%) LGBT Non-LGBT 623,456 (13.7%) 170,678 (27.4%) English Fluent 599,936 (13.7%) 164,385 (27.4%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 31,345 (15.2%) 8,178 (26.1%) Disability 27,538 (42.7%) 4,711 (17.1%) Disability No Disability 603,740 (13.4%) 167,851 (27.8%) Overall 631,281 (13.8%) 231,356 (5.1%) Notes. Searches of person and searches of property are captured in separate data fields and were combined for calculating search rates for a given identity group. Percentages for discovering contraband and/or evidence are calculated based on the number of individuals from the given identity group where officers reported searching the individual or their property, rather than the total number of stopped individuals from the given identity group. 31 A.14 Consent Inquiries and Search Rates Asked for Consent and Response Consent Response Search Rates Identity Group Consent Not Consent Not Consent Received & Asked for Consent Consent Received Received & Received Searched Searched Asian 5,052 (2.0%) 4,511 (89.3%) 541 (10.7%) 3,961 (87.8%) 317 (58.6%) Black 36,277 (6.3%) 33,084 (91.2%) 3,193 (8.8%) 27,373 (82.7%) 1,896 (59.4%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 117,928 (6.0%) 109,551 (92.9%) 8,377 (7.1%) 92,614 (84.5%) 5,148 (61.5%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 3,059 (1.5%) 2,766 (90.4%) 293 (9.6%) 2,358 (85.2%) 178 (60.8%) Multiracial 3,169 (6.1%) 2,841 (89.6%) 328 (10.4%) 2,518 (88.6%) 206 (62.8%) Native American 791 (5.7%) 656 (82.9%) 135 (17.1%) 588 (89.6%) 93 (68.9%) Pacific Islander 1,198 (4.5%) 1,048 (87.5%) 150 (12.5%) 931 (88.8%) 83 (55.3%) White 66,455 (4.5%) 58,265 (87.7%) 8,190 (12.3%) 51,129 (87.8%) 4,974 (60.7%) Overall 233,929 (5.1%) 212,722 (90.9%) 21,207 (9.1%) 181,472 (85.3%) 12,895 (60.8%) Notes. Asked for consent to search person and asked for consent to search property are captured in separate data fields and were combined for calculating rates for officers asking for consent to search. 32 A.15 Consent Search Rates Search Rates Proportion of Proportion of Proportion of Proportion of Proportion of Identity Group Proportion of Stops Involving Stops Involving Searches with Stops Involving Searches with Searches with Other Consent Only Consent Only Consent Plus Other Consent Plus Bases Discretionary Searches Basis Searches Discretionary Basis Searches Asian 2,085 (0.8%) 2,085 (14.9%) 1,880 (0.8%) 1,880 (13.4%) 3,278 (1.3%) 3,278 (23.4%) Black 12,390 (2.2%) 12,390 (10.5%) 14,799 (2.6%) 14,799 (12.6%) 45,511 (8.0%) 45,511 (38.7%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 46,509 (2.4%) 46,509 (15.9%) 45,801 (2.3%) 45,801 (15.7%) 85,305 (4.3%) 85,305 (29.2%) Middle 1,194 (0.6%) 1,194 (13.7%) 1,152 (0.6%) 1,152 (13.2%) 2,175 (1.0%) 2,175 (25.0%) Eastern/South Asian Multiracial 972 (1.9%) 972 (13.2%) 1,590 (3.1%) 1,590 (21.6%) 2,079 (4.0%) 2,079 (28.2%) Native American 316 (2.3%) 316 (10.1%) 290 (2.1%) 290 (9.3%) 973 (7.0%) 973 (31.1%) Pacific Islander 475 (1.8%) 475 (14.3%) 420 (1.6%) 420 (12.7%) 862 (3.2%) 862 (26.0%) White 25,666 (1.7%) 25,666 (13.9%) 25,665 (1.7%) 25,665 (13.9%) 51,693 (3.5%) 51,693 (28.0%) Overall 89,607 (2.0%) 89,607 (14.2%) 91,597 (2.0%) 91,597 (14.5%) 191,876 (4.2%) 191,876 (30.4%) Notes. “Consent Only” searches refers to searches where “consent given” was the sole basis that officers provided for performing a search. “Consent plus” searches are searches where officers reported “consent given” in addition to some other basis for performing the search. “Other discretionary searches” refers to searches where officer safety/safety of others, condition of supervision, suspected weapons, visible contraband, odor of contraband, canine detection, evidence of a crime, exigent circumstances/emergency, and suspected violation of school policy search bases were one of the search bases that officers provided for performing the search. 33 A.16 Consent Search Discovery Rates Discovery Rates Identity Group Other Consent Only Consent Plus Basis Discretionary Searches Searches Asian 439 (21.1%) 636 (33.8%) 1,007 (30.7%) Black 1,777 (14.3%) 4,384 (29.6%) 12,806 (28.1%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 8,203 (17.6%) 14,007 (30.6%) 23,544 (27.6%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 188 (15.7%) 384 (33.3%) 629 (28.9%) Multiracial 162 (16.7%) 526 (33.1%) 641 (30.8%) Native American 62 (19.6%) 108 (37.2%) 355 (36.5%) Pacific Islander 101 (21.3%) 131 (31.2%) 280 (32.5%) White 5,661 (22.1%) 9,195 (35.8%) 17,510 (33.9%) Overall 16,593 (18.5%) 29,371 (32.1%) 56,772 (29.6%) 34 A.17 Stops by Identity Group and Stop Result for Handcuffed Individuals Identity Group No Action Arrested Other Total Asian 870 (7.7%) 8,184 (72.4%) 2,256 (19.9%) 11,310 (100%) Black 9,605 (10.7%) 57,510 (63.9%) 22,941 (25.5%) 90,056 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 18,683 (8.8%) 147,492 (69.7%) 45,485 (21.5%) 211,660 (100%) Middle Eastern/South 594 (7.9%) 5,248 (69.6%) 1,701 (22.6%) 7,543 (100%) Race and/or Asian Ethnicity Multiracial 448 (7.6%) 3,952 (67.1%) 1,492 (25.3%) 5,892 (100%) Native American 153 (6.2%) 1,986 (80.0%) 344 (13.9%) 2,483 (100%) Pacific Islander 183 (7.2%) 1,981 (77.8%) 383 (15.0%) 2,547 (100%) White 10,004 (7.0%) 107,248 (75.3%) 25,095 (17.6%) 142,347 (100%) Cisgender Female 6,564 (7.0%) 68,251 (73.3%) 18,353 (19.7%) 93,168 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 61 (6.5%) 677 (72.6%) 194 (20.8%) 932 (100%) Cisgender Male 33,787 (8.9%) 263,394 (69.7%) 80,586 (21.3%) 377,767 (100%) Gender Transgender Man/Boy 80 (6.9%) 736 (63.6%) 341 (29.5%) 1,157 (100%) Transgender Woman/Girl 48 (5.9%) 543 (66.7%) 223 (27.4%) 814 (100%) 1-9 18 (7.8%) 155 (66.8%) 59 (25.4%) 232 (100%) Age Group 10-14 170 (7.0%) 929 (38.4%) 1,319 (54.5%) 2,418 (100%) 15-17 1,112 (10.3%) 5,039 (46.7%) 4,632 (43.0%) 10,783 (100%) 18-24 6,532 (10.6%) 38,670 (62.5%) 16,694 (27.0%) 61,896 (100%) 35 Identity Group No Action Arrested Other Total 25-34 15,923 (9.0%) 124,486 (70.1%) 37,051 (20.9%) 177,460 (100%) Age Group 35-44 10,418 (8.1%) 93,926 (73.4%) 23,577 (18.4%) 127,921 (100%) 45-54 4,540 (7.5%) 45,538 (74.9%) 10,723 (17.6%) 60,801 (100%) 55-64 1,477 (5.8%) 19,660 (76.9%) 4,422 (17.3%) 25,559 (100%) 65+ 350 (5.2%) 5,193 (76.8%) 1,218 (18.0%) 6,761 (100%) Non-LGBT 40,116 (8.6%) 328,513 (70.4%) 98,285 (21.0%) 466,914 (100%) LGBT LGBT 424 (6.1%) 5,088 (73.5%) 1,413 (20.4%) 6,925 (100%) English Fluent 39,058 (8.7%) 313,146 (69.9%) 95,966 (21.4%) 448,170 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 1,482 (5.8%) 20,455 (79.7%) 3,732 (14.5%) 25,669 (100%) No Disability 39,320 (8.8%) 321,545 (71.9%) 86,140 (19.3%) 447,005 (100%) Disability Disability 1,220 (4.5%) 12,054 (44.9%) 13,557 (50.5%) 26,831 (100%) Overall 40,540 (8.6%) 333,601 (70.4%) 99,698 (21.0%) 473,839 (100%) 36 A.18 Stops by Identity Group and Action Taken as a Result of Stop Action Taken as a No Action Taken as Identity Group Total Result of Stop a Result of Stop Asian 236,785 (94.6%) 13,598 (5.4%) 250,383 (100%) Black 500,782 (87.6%) 70,642 (12.4%) 571,424 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 1,780,763 (90.6%) 183,950 (9.4%) 1,964,713 (100%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 197,946 (95.5%) 9,392 (4.5%) 207,338 (100%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 47,593 (91.6%) 4,382 (8.4%) 51,975 (100%) Native American 12,481 (89.3%) 1,496 (10.7%) 13,977 (100%) Pacific Islander 24,296 (91.2%) 2,338 (8.8%) 26,634 (100%) White 1,361,059 (91.4%) 128,218 (8.6%) 1,489,277 (100%) Cisgender Female 1,207,249 (92.0%) 105,184 (8.0%) 1,312,433 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 9,291 (88.0%) 1,262 (12.0%) 10,553 (100%) Gender Cisgender Male 2,939,307 (90.6%) 306,717 (9.4%) 3,246,024 (100%) Transgender Man/Boy 3,448 (86.4%) 541 (13.6%) 3,989 (100%) Transgender Woman/Girl 2,409 (88.5%) 312 (11.5%) 2,721 (100%) Age Group 1-9 3,107 (70.2%) 1,316 (29.8%) 4,423 (100%) 10-14 10,514 (83.4%) 2,086 (16.6%) 12,600 (100%) 15-17 58,844 (86.5%) 9,222 (13.5%) 68,066 (100%) 18-24 662,253 (90.7%) 68,018 (9.3%) 730,271 (100%) 37 Action Taken as a No Action Taken as Identity Group Total Result of Stop a Result of Stop 25-34 1,323,005 (90.2%) 143,939 (9.8%) 1,466,944 (100%) Age Group 35-44 983,621 (90.9%) 99,024 (9.1%) 1,082,645 (100%) 45-54 623,763 (91.7%) 56,394 (8.3%) 680,157 (100%) 55-64 344,448 (93.3%) 24,609 (6.7%) 369,057 (100%) 65+ 152,135 (94.2%) 9,404 (5.8%) 161,539 (100%) LGBT 34,446 (88.7%) 4,369 (11.3%) 38,815 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 4,127,262 (91.0%) 409,647 (9.0%) 4,536,909 (100%) English Fluent 3,972,033 (90.9%) 396,841 (9.1%) 4,368,874 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 189,675 (91.7%) 17,175 (8.3%) 206,850 (100%) Disability 55,606 (86.3%) 8,826 (13.7%) 64,432 (100%) Disability No Disability 4,106,077 (91.0%) 405,189 (9.0%) 4,511,266 (100%) Overall 4,161,708 (91.0%) 414,016 (9.0%) 4,575,724 (100%) 38 A.19 Stops by Identity Group and Stop Result Identity Group Warning Citation Arrest Total Asian 73,463 (29.3%) 134,271 (53.6%) 28,620 (11.4%) 250,383 (100%) Black 190,717 (33.4%) 193,227 (33.8%) 101,994 (17.8%) 571,424 (100%) Hispanic/Latine(x) 581,760 (29.6%) 846,198 (43.1%) 339,590 (17.3%) 1,964,713 (100%) Middle Eastern/South Asian 61,334 (29.6%) 121,398 (58.6%) 15,863 (7.7%) 207,338 (100%) Race and/or Ethnicity Multiracial 16,779 (32.3%) 22,054 (42.4%) 8,542 (16.4%) 51,975 (100%) Native American 4,619 (33.0%) 4,281 (30.6%) 3,843 (27.5%) 13,977 (100%) Pacific Islander 8,381 (31.5%) 11,538 (43.3%) 4,167 (15.6%) 26,634 (100%) White 507,881 (34.1%) 608,920 (40.9%) 230,607 (15.5%) 1,489,277 (100%) Cisgender Female 405,197 (30.9%) 603,783 (46.0%) 186,472 (14.2%) 1,312,433 (100%) Gender Nonconforming 2,909 (27.6%) 4,962 (47.0%) 1,293 (12.3%) 10,553 (100%) Gender Cisgender Male 1,035,023 (31.9%) 1,331,668 (41.0%) 543,594 (16.7%) 3,246,024 (100%) Transgender Man/Boy 1,115 (28.0%) 852 (21.4%) 1,077 (27.0%) 3,989 (100%) Transgender Woman/Girl 690 (25.4%) 621 (22.8%) 790 (29.0%) 2,721 (100%) 1-9 1,257 (28.4%) 1,119 (25.3%) 464 (10.5%) 4,423 (100%) Age Group 10-14 2,563 (20.3%) 1,645 (13.1%) 2,303 (18.3%) 12,600 (100%) 15-17 17,979 (26.4%) 21,384 (31.4%) 11,244 (16.5%) 68,066 (100%) 18-24 210,653 (28.8%) 353,293 (48.4%) 94,923 (13.0%) 730,271 (100%) 39 Identity Group Warning Citation Arrest Total 25-34 452,279 (30.8%) 607,427 (41.4%) 252,311 (17.2%) 1,466,944 (100%) Age Group 35-44 348,154 (32.2%) 431,555 (39.9%) 196,276 (18.1%) 1,082,645 (100%) 45-54 229,494 (33.7%) 284,993 (41.9%) 105,721 (15.5%) 680,157 (100%) 55-64 122,590 (33.2%) 167,337 (45.3%) 52,440 (14.2%) 369,057 (100%) 65+ 59,960 (37.1%) 73,132 (45.3%) 17,534 (10.9%) 161,536 (100%) LGBT 10,456 (26.9%) 12,479 (32.1%) 9,875 (25.4%) 38,815 (100%) LGBT Non-LGBT 1,434,480 (31.6%) 1,929,409 (42.5%) 723,351 (15.9%) 4,536,909 (100%) English Fluent 1,381,748 (31.6%) 1,855,346 (42.5%) 693,502 (15.9%) 4,368,874 (100%) Limited English Fluency Limited/No English Fluency 63,188 (30.5%) 86,542 (41.8%) 39,724 (19.2%) 206,850 (100%) Disability 11,573 (18.0%) 5,117 (7.9%) 16,683 (25.9%) 64,432 (100%) Disability No Disability 1,433,349 (31.8%) 1,936,764 (42.9%) 716,539 (15.9%) 4,511,266 (100%) Overall 1,444,936 (31.6%) 1,941,888 (42.4%) 733,226 (16.0%) 4575725 (100%) 40 A.20 Agency Stop Count Frequency and Differences between 2021 and 2022 Due to its large size, Tables A.20 is available in an .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa- appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. A.21 Top 100 Traffic Violation Offense Codes Submitted by Los Angeles Police Department Due to its large size, Tables A.21 is available in an .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa- appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. A.22 Reasonable Suspicion Offense Codes Submitted for Stops of Students made on K-12 Grounds Due to its large size, Tables A.22 is available in an .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa- appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. A.23 Civilians' Complaints Against Peace Officers 2018-2022 Due to its large size, Tables A.23 is available in an .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa- appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. A.24 2022 Disposition Types of Racial Profiling Complaints in 2022 Due to its large size, Tables A.24 is available in an .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa- appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. 41 APPENDIX B – DISPARITY TEST METHODS B.1 Residential Population Comparison Analysis Methodology Considerations and limitations. Using data collected by the United States Census Bureau to compare the racial and ethnic composition of residential populations with the composition of individuals stopped by law enforcement is a common method for monitoring enforcement patterns. There are several known limitations associated with using residential data in comparison to law enforcement stop data. A residential population (i.e., the racial and/or ethnic distribution of individuals who reside within a given area) represents the people who may be stopped by officers. However, individuals may be stopped outside of their residential area (e.g. commuting to work, tourists). The rate of these “commuter” stops likely varies from agency to agency, and RIPA stop data do not include information on where stopped individuals reside. Additionally, agencies may concentrate their patrol efforts in certain areas and may not have an equal likelihood of encountering residents throughout all areas in their jurisdiction. Individuals from different groups may also engage in activities, such as driving, with different average frequencies, making them more or less likely to be stopped. Another consideration concerns the difference between the numbers of times a person may appear in the RIPA stop data compared to the residential population data collected by the United States Census Bureau. A person may be stopped multiple times within a given calendar year, which would require multiple stop data entries for the same person. Identifying whether a person appears in the data more than once is not possible with the information collected in the RIPA stop data. On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau attempts to only count a person once within the American Community Survey (ACS) by implementing procedures that are intended to address unduplicated responses in their data collection efforts.1 Due to our inability to estimate the number of recurrent stop actions – individuals who experience a stop action more than once in a year –we report the stop actions per capita rather than an estimate of the number of individuals per capita experiencing a stop action. There are also concerns with response bias in compiling information derived from residential surveys, such as the census; some groups are more difficult to count, and may be underestimated in official data. The COVID-19 pandemic presented additional challenges to the Census Bureau’s data collection efforts that subsequently affected the 2020 ACS data.2 The Census Bureau announced that, for purposes of addressing non-response bias due to pandemic-related data collection disruptions, the methodology implemented for the 2020 ACS data is different from previous years. This methodological change will be applied to subsequent estimates that include 2020 data. For additional information about the methodological changes implemented, 1 For more information about the United States Census Bureau’s procedures for addressing duplicate responses, please visit <https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/04/how_we_unduplicated.html> [as of Nov. 15, 2023]. 2 For information about the United States Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, please visit <https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/about.html> [as of Nov. 15, 2023]. 42 please visit <https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/user- notes/2022-03.html>. In addition to general concerns with residential population benchmarking, there are also several limitations that are unique to comparing RIPA stop data to ACS data. First, 2022 ACS data were not available through Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) at the time this report was written.3 The 2022 RIPA stop data demographics were instead compared to the 2021 ACS demographics. Moreover, RIPA stop data regulations and the ACS categorize racial and/or ethnic groups differently.4 ACS data have racial and/or ethnic groups that are not explicitly captured by RIPA regulations. These individuals within the ACS have been collectively grouped together in an “Other” category that does not have a match in RIPA regulations. Finally, the source of race and/or ethnicity information for each dataset is collected differently. Race and/or ethnicity is recorded for RIPA based on officer’s perception, while ACS respondents self-identify. This distinction represents a key difference in objectives between the two databases. The purpose of RIPA is to eliminate racial and identity profiling, a practice that is based on how officers perceive the individuals they stop. RIPA data are intended to facilitate the implementation of policies that will achieve this purpose. On the other hand, the objective of the ACS is to provide a representation of information regarding community residents. Thus, comparisons between these datasets operate under the assumption that officers’ perceptions often agree with how an individual self identifies. Statistical Analysis. Stop demographics for each police department, sheriff’s department, district attorney’s office, or coroner’s office were compared to their primary city or county of service, respectively.5 For example, the racial and/or ethnic distribution of individuals stopped by San Francisco Police Department was compared to the racial and/or ethnic distribution of San Francisco city residents in the ACS data. There are two exceptions; the first is for California Highway Patrol, which was compared to the state population. Second, only municipal police, county sheriff agencies, county district attorney offices, and county coroner’s offices were included in the residential analyses since their agency jurisdictions are clearly defined in ways that allow comparison to ACS data. The agencies that were excluded due to their jurisdictions failing to align with sampled geographic areas in the ACS will not have 2021 ACS population estimates displayed in Table C.1.1. In RIPA reports published prior to 2022, one year estimates captured in the ACS data were used for residential comparisons. However, one year estimates only provide data for populations of 65,000 or more. Beginning with the 2022 RIPA report, it was necessary to start using the five year ACS estimates in order to capture residential population data for these areas as smaller 3 For information about IPUMS, please visit <https://www.ipums.org/> [as of Nov. 15, 2023]. 4 For example, RIPA regulations explicitly include Israeli individuals in the Middle Eastern/South Asian group, but the ACS does not have an Israeli category. 5 These comparisons are approximate since agency jurisdictions do not always map perfectly to the boundaries of their primary city or county of service. 43 agencies began to submit RIPA data. Five year ACS estimates provide population data for all areas, no matter the size of the population served. However, unlike the one year estimates, the five year ACS estimates do not provide racial and ethnicity categorizations that are specific enough to create a comparable grouping to serve as a benchmark for the Middle Eastern/South Asian racial and/or ethnic group captured in the RIPA data. The following table provides information for the racial and/or ethnic categories used from the ACS data and the associated RIPA racial and/or ethnic group for which comparisons were made against. B.1.1 Census Table B03002 ACS RIPA Racial and/or Ethnic Variable ACS Variable Label Comparison Group Name B03002_003 Not Hispanic or Latino: White alone White B03002_004 Not Hispanic or Latino :Black or African Black American alone B03002_005 Not Hispanic or Latino: American Indian and Native American Alaska Native alone B03002_006 Not Hispanic or Latino: Asian alone Asian B03002_007 Not Hispanic or Latino: Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Other Pacific Islander alone B03002_008 Not Hispanic or Latino: Some other race alone N/A Multiracial B03002_009 Not Hispanic or Latino: Two or more races Multiracial B03002_019 Hispanic or Latino: Two or more races Hispanic/Latino B03002_013 Hispanic or Latino: White alone B03002_014 Hispanic or Latino: Black or African American alone B03002_015 Hispanic or Latino: American Indian and Alaska Native alone Hispanic/Latino B03002_016 Hispanic or Latino: Asian alone B03002_017 Hispanic or Latino: Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone B03002_018 Hispanic or Latino: Some other race alone Benchmarking using residential population data involves comparing the distribution of racial and/or ethnic groups stopped by law enforcement to the distribution of residents in the areas serviced by agencies who submitted data in 2023. Since all law enforcement agencies were required to submit stop data in 2023, we did not have to apply the weighting process that was required in previous years. Weighting by agencies was implemented previously with the intention that the overall state residential population comparison was more reflective of just the areas served by agencies that collected RIPA data. The proportion of the state population within racial and ethnic groups in the ACS is used as a benchmark for the racial and ethnic composition of statewide RIPA reported stops. For example, 44 to calculate the proportion of Asian individuals residing in California, we would take the group’s respective estimate for the number of Asian residents and divide it by the total state population estimate. This number is then compared to the number of stopped individuals that were perceived to be Asian divided by the total number of stops. The jurisdiction-specific residential population benchmarks are generated by calculating each racial group’s proportion within the respective jurisdiction using the estimates reported in the ACS. Each racial group’s proportion is calculated by taking each individual group’s estimate and dividing it by the sum of the total population for a given jurisdiction. For example, if we want to find the population benchmark of Asian individuals for the San Benito County Sheriff’s Office, we would take the group’s respective estimate for the number of Asian residents residing in San Benito County and divide it by the total county population estimate. This number is then compared to the number of stopped individuals perceived to be Asian reported by San Benito County Sheriff’s Office divided by the total number of stops reported by this agency. Agency residential population comparisons are repeated for each agency separately. B.2 Statewide Per Capita Stop Action Rates Methodology In Appendix Section B.1 we describe the methods used to compare the racial and/or ethnic composition of people stopped with the racial and/or ethnic composition of residents, both statewide and within specific jurisdictions. Additionally, we used ACS data to calculate a statewide per capita rate of experiencing a specific stop action6 for different racial and/or ethnic groups during 2022. Since the number of people within each racial and/or ethnic group varies, per capita rates7 provide a meaningful way to make comparisons between groups. For example, if we wanted to calculate the per capita rate of searches for individuals perceived as Native American, we would take the frequency of searches reported for this group and divide the number by the population estimate reported for Native Americans in the ACS for the state of California. We then take this number and multiply it by 100,000. The resulting number (X) is the per capita search rate of Native American residents of California and can be read as for every 100,000 Native American residents, officers reported performing X searches of people they perceived as Native American. The limitations and considerations associated with this type of analysis are consistent with those discussed when comparing stop data to residential population data. Please see Appendix Section B.1 for further information regarding considerations and limitations to such approaches. B.3 Discovery Rate Analysis Methodology Considerations and limitations. Discovery rate analyses avoid some of the issues associated with other methods because they do not require the stop data to be compared to external 6 For the purposes of this explanation, the term “stop actions” is not limited to the list of actions taken by officer during stop as defined under section 999.226 (12)(A)(1-23) of the RIPA regulations. Rather, “stop actions” refers to a broader set of data elements reported, such as the primary reason for stop, actions taken by officer during the stop, and the result of stop. 7 A per capita rate is: for every 100,000 residents of a race and/or ethnicity group, the number of stops of the race and/or ethnicity group involving the given stop action. 45 information (e.g. residential population data). However, discovery rate analyses also rely on assumptions about the behavior of individuals in different identity groups. Disparate treatment between racial and/or ethnic groups is identified when search and discovery rates are opposed (e.g. Black individuals have high search rates but low discovery rates).8 When these statistics do not move in opposite directions, it is more difficult to determine whether disparate treatment is present. It is also possible that there are observable factors that could influence an officer’s decision to search someone that are not captured by RIPA stop data. The effectiveness in predicting the presence of contraband based on certain suspicious behaviors may also vary between racial and/or ethnic groups.9 Finally, the strength of the assumptions for discovery rate analyses may vary depending on the type of search being conducted. For example, consent searches include all searches where the only basis included was consent given. Thus, these searches do not include an element of probable cause, which may impact the assumptions underlying their analysis and results. Statistical Analysis. The discovery rate analysis was conducted in two steps. First, linear probability models were used to test whether there were differences in search rates between White individuals and each racial and/or ethnic group of color independently. Second, similar analyses were used to test for differences in contraband or evidence discovery rates during stops with searches. Each of these analyses were applied to all agencies combined, all municipal agencies combined (excluding California Highway Patrol), and for each individual agency. Both sets of analyses included the following considerations: 1. The four racial and/or ethnic groups who were stopped least frequently were aggregated into a single category to increase statistical power. These groups include Middle Eastern/South Asian, Multiracial, Native American, and Pacific Islander individuals. 2. A set of high dimensional fixed effects were included in the analysis as controls, including gender, age, hour of the day, day of the week, month of the year, and the officer conducting the stop. 3. The standard errors were clustered at the officer level to better allow for unobserved correlations between stops made by the same officers. Using these criteria, we estimated the effect of an individual (i) belonging to a racial and/or ethnic group of color (m) on a resulting binary search or contraband/evidence discovery outcome (j) with the aforementioned controls (…) using the following specification: 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝛽 +𝛽 𝑚 + … 𝑗,𝑖 𝑗,0 𝑗,1 𝑖 8 See Anwar and Fang, An Alternative Test of Racial Prejudice in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence (2006) Am. Econ. Rev. 96(1) <https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/000282806776157579>. 9 See Simoui et al., The Problem of Infra-Marginality in Outcome Tests for Discrimination (2017) Ann. Appl. Stat. 11(3) <https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.05376.> 46 APPENDIX C – DISPARITY TEST TABLES C.1 Residential Population Comparison Tables C.1.1 Per Capita Rates by Race and/or Ethnicity 2021 ACS California 2022 RIPA Stops Stops Per 100,000 Race and/or Ethnicity Population Estimate Reported California Residents Asian 5,802,086 250,383 4,315.4 Hispanic/Latine(x) 12,772,440 1,964,714 15,382.4 Black/African American 2,128,184 571,424 26,850.3 Middle Eastern/South Asian - 207,338 Multiracial 4,235,217 51,975 1,227.2 Native American 124,341 13,977 11,240.9 Other 149,096 - Pacific Islander 134,692 26,634 19,774.0 White 14,109,297 1,489,277 10,555.3 Overall 39,455,353 4,575,725 11,597.2 C.1.2 RIPA Stop Distribution Compared to Statewide Population Distribution by Race and/or Ethnicity A B C D E F Equation A-B C/B*100 A/B E/E(w) Absolute Relative Race and/or RIPA ACS Disparity Ratio of Agency % % Ethnicity 2022 2021 Index Disparity Difference Difference Asian 5.47% 14.71% -9.23% -62.79% 0.37 0.41 Overall Black 12.49% 5.39% 7.09% 131.52% 2.32 2.54 47 A B C D E F Equation A-B C/B*100 A/B E/E(w) Absolute Relative Race and/or RIPA ACS Disparity Ratio of Agency % % Ethnicity 2022 2021 Index Disparity Difference Difference Hispanic 42.94% 32.37% 10.57% 32.64% 1.33 1.46 Middle Eastern/South 4.53% Asian Multiracial 1.14% 10.73% -9.6% -89.42% 0.11 0.12 Native 0.31% 0.32% -0.01% -3.07% 0.97 1.06 American Other 0.38% Pacific Islander 0.58% 0.34% 0.24% 70.51% 1.71 1.87 White 32.55% 35.76% -3.21% -8.98% 0.91 Asian 5.09% 14.71% -9.62% -65.41% 0.35 0.38 Municipal Black 13.67% 5.39% 8.27% 153.37% 2.53 2.79 Hispanic 43.15% 32.37% 10.78% 33.29% 1.33 1.47 Multiracial 1.29% 10.73% -9.45% -88.01% 0.12 0.13 Native Municipal 0.33% 0.32% 0.01% 3.31% 1.03 1.14 American 48 A B C D E F Equation A-B C/B*100 A/B E/E(w) Absolute Relative Race and/or RIPA ACS Disparity Ratio of Agency % % Ethnicity 2022 2021 Index Disparity Difference Difference Other 0.38% Pacific Islander 0.6% 0.34% 0.26% 76.91% 1.77 1.95 White 32.47% 35.76% -3.29% -9.2% 0.91 Notes. 2022 RIPA stop data were compared to 2021 residential population data from the American Community Survey. For a full description of the methodology, please see Appendix B.1. For agency breakdowns, please see Table C.1.3 in the .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa- appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. C.2 Search and Discovery Rate Regression Analysis Tables C.2.1 Regression Statistics for Search Rates by Race and/or Ethnicity Hispanic/ Agency Statistic Asian Black Other Latine(x) ***-0.038 ***0.006 ***-0.004 ***-0.028 Coefficients (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) Overall Observations 1,739,618 2,060,675 3,453,928 1,789,180 Adjusted R2 0.272 0.296 0.286 0.271 ***-0.059 ***0.010 ***-0.011 ***-0.043 Municipal Coefficients (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001) 49 Hispanic/ Agency Statistic Asian Black Other Latine(x) Observations 1,073,200 1,318,379 2,160,840 1,088,644 Adjusted R2 0.246 0.259 0.259 0.242 Notes. For a full description of the methodology, please see Appendix B.3. Each set of model statistics for a particular agency and race and/or ethnicity corresponds to a single regression test. Each model only contained a single racial/ethnic group of color and White individuals; White individuals were the reference group for all analyses. 'Overall' refers to all agencies combined while 'Municipal' excludes California Highway Patrol. Asterisks represent level of significance for adjusted p values using the Benjamini-Hochberg Procedure for multiple comparisons *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. Coefficients; estimate (standard error). Observations represent the number of stops analyzed by the statistical model. For agency breakdowns, please see Table C.2.3 in the .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa-appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. C.2.2 Regression Statistics for Search Discovery Rates by Race and/or Ethnicity Hispanic/ Agency Statistic Asian Black Other Latine(x) ***-0.018 ***-0.020 ***-0.016 ***-0.025 Coefficients (0.005) (0.002) (0.002) (0.004) Overall Observations 198,776 302,256 477,295 207,315 Adjusted R2 0.112 0.117 0.120 0.109 **-0.016 ***-0.021 ***-0.015 ***-0.027 Coefficients (0.005) (0.003) (0.002) (0.004) Municipal Observations 183,845 283,296 437,760 191,834 50 Hispanic/ Agency Statistic Asian Black Other Latine(x) Adjusted R2 0.101 0.109 0.107 0.099 Notes. For a full description of the methodology, please see Appendix B.3. Each set of model statistics for a particular agency and race and/or ethnicity corresponds to a single regression test. Each model only contained a single racial/ethnic group of color and White individuals; White individuals were the reference group for all analyses. 'Overall' refers to all agencies combined while 'Municipal' excludes California Highway Patrol. Asterisks represent level of significance for adjusted p values using the Benjamini- Hochberg Procedure for multiple comparisons *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. Coefficients; estimate (standard error). Observations represent the number of stops analyzed by the statistical model. For agency breakdowns, please see Table C.2.4 in the .xlsx file at https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ripa-appendix-tables-2024.xlsx. 51 APPENDIX D – LETTERS FROM THE RACIAL AND IDENTITY PROFILING BOARD D.1.1 Racial and Identity Profiling Board, Letter to the Legislature in Support of AB 93 (March 16, 2023) 52 53 54 55 56 D.1.2 Racial and Identity Profiling Board, Letter to the Legislature in Support of SB 50 (March 21, 2023) 57 58 59 60